欧洲葡萄‘粉红亚都蜜’NAC基因DRL1负向调节植物抗旱性

以欧洲葡萄‘粉红亚都蜜’（Vitis vinifera‘Yatomo Rose’）为材料，利用荧光定量PCR技术和转基因技术研究葡萄NAC转录因子DRL1基因对逆境的响应。欧洲葡萄‘粉红亚都蜜’在激素和逆境胁迫下，DRL1表达呈下降趋势，其中以ABA和干旱胁迫处理最为显著。在ABA处理下DRL1转基因烟草株系种子萌发率和根长均高于野生型。干旱处理下，转基因植株对干旱的耐受性降低，同时胁迫相关基因NtLEA5、NtP5CR1、NtPSCS1、NtERD10C和NtDREB3的表达水平比野生型显著下降。此外，DRL1转基因烟草茎中柱发育受到抑制，尤其是导管横切面积仅为野生型的58%。以上结果表明，DRL1基因可能作为1个负向调节子参与植物的干旱胁迫。     

中国葡萄野生种对葡萄根癌病的抗性

通过田间接种鉴定，系统研究了中国葡萄属１３个种和变种的２６个株系对葡萄根癌病的抗性，筛选出高抗株系１０个。其中燕山葡萄（♀）因扦插容易生根，可用自根苗作为抗葡萄根癌病砧木进行嫁接试验，其余可用作抗葡萄根癌病的育种资源     

Genetic diversity in populations of the fungi Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium aleophilum on grapevine in France

Isolates of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora ( Phc ) and Phaeoacremonium aleophilum ( Pha ), two haploid, deuteromycetous fungi, were obtained from vines showing symptoms of esca disease in different localities in two French regions, and within a single vineyard in one of these regions. The population genetic structure was determined in both fungi using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Populations of Phc showed similar levels of diversity at local and regional levels. The most frequent Phc haplotypes were found in every population, and the frequencies of positive alleles of markers were similar across populations. The hypothesis that recombination had occurred was rejected for the full set of samples, but not for the samples reduced to haplotypes, indicating that Phc may be a recombining species. Different features were identified in Pha populations. First, the southern population of Pha appeared more diverse than the south-western populations. Second, genetic differentiation was identified between Pha populations from southern and south-western regions for several RAPDs. Finally, in the southern population of Pha no evidence for recombination was obtained, even by reducing the sample to haplotypes. Within the single vineyard surveyed, several haplotypes of both fungi were recovered and randomly distributed. Thus different infection events appeared to have occurred on a low spatial scale. Data from this study showed that haplotypes of both fungi were distributed over long distances geographically, and that most of the vineyards surveyed were infested by more than one haplotype of Phc and Pha .     

Seasonal distribution of phytoplasmas in Australian grapevines

The distribution and persistence of phytoplasmas were determined in Australian grapevines. Phytoplasmas could be detected using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from shoots, cordons, trunks and roots throughout the year, and phytoplasmas appear to persistently infect Australian grapevines from year to year. Phytoplasmas were not always detected in samples from the same sampling area from one sampling period to the next. Phytoplasma detection by PCR was improved by sampling from shoots, cordons and trunks, especially during October (early spring). The diseases expressed by the 20 grapevines used in the distribution and persistence studies were monitored. Australian grapevine yellows disease (AGY) was expressed by 17/20 grapevines at some time during the study, whilst only 4/20 and 15/20 grapevines expressed restricted growth disease (RG) and late season leaf curl disease (LSLC), respectively. All grapevines with RG and LSLC also had AGY. The three diseases were persistently expressed in some grapevines and remission of disease was observed in others. The results of PCR detection in the same grapevines indicated that phytoplasmas were more frequently detected in AGY-affected grapevines that also expressed RG and LSLC compared with grapevines expressing AGY alone. Phytoplasmas were detected in symptomless plant material but less frequently compared with AGY-affected material.     

利用钾吸收基因表达评价葡萄叶面喷施钾肥效果和喷施浓度

【目的】叶面喷施钾肥可以快速、 高效地为葡萄补充钾营养,促进葡萄的高产和优质,已经被广泛应用于葡萄生产中。本实验通过对葡萄叶面喷施不同种类及浓度钾肥,测定葡萄叶片和果实等生理指标变化,以及钾吸收相关基因的表达变化,从生理和基因水平上评价这些钾肥的喷施效果,为葡萄生产中钾肥的施用提供一定指导。【方法】本实验以‘夏黑’葡萄为试材,选择两个葡萄生长关键时期盛花期和果实膨大期分别对葡萄叶片喷施0.2%、 0.5%和0.8%三种浓度的K2SO4、 K2CO3、 K2SO4·2MgSO4和KCl。然后对葡萄叶片和新梢的生长率,坐果率,叶绿素含量,单粒重,可溶性固形物等生理指标进行统计分析,并利用荧光定量PCR技术分析4个钾吸收相关基因VvHAK13、 VvKEA2、 VvSIRK和VvSORK的表达情况。【结果】叶面喷施4种钾肥后,葡萄叶片和新梢的生长率,坐果率,叶绿素含量,单粒重,可溶性固形物等各项生理指标均有不同程度的提升。钾肥种类不同,最适喷施浓度不同,同种钾肥在葡萄盛花期和果实膨大期的最适喷施浓度也有所不同,四种钾肥在果实膨大期的最适喷施浓度普遍高于盛花期。四个钾吸收相关基因在喷施不同种类及浓度钾肥后也表现出不同的表达模式,总体来讲VvKEA2、 VvSIRK 、 VvSORK的表达上调,而VvHAK13的表达下调。果实膨大期,需喷施较高浓度的钾肥,钾吸收相关基因才表现出较强烈的响应,而在盛花期则只需喷施较低浓度的钾肥。综合生理指标和基因表达两方面结果,得出4种钾肥效果依次为K2SO4·2MgSO4＞K2SO4＞K2CO3＞KCl。盛花期K2SO4和K2CO3的最适喷施浓度为0.5%,K2SO4·2MgSO4和KCl的最适喷施浓度为0.2%; 果实膨大期K2SO4、 K2SO4·2MgSO4和KCl的最适喷施浓度为0.5%,K2CO3的最适喷施浓度为0.8%。【结论】葡萄叶面喷施钾肥可以有效促进葡萄叶片和果实的生长发育,四种钾肥的效果依此为: K2SO4·2MgSO4＞K2SO4＞K2CO3＞KCl。盛花期K2SO4和K2CO3的最适喷施浓度为0.5%,K2SO4·2MgSO4和KCl的最适喷施浓度为0.2%; 果实膨大期K2SO4、 K2SO4·2MgSO4和KCl的最适喷施浓度为0.5%,K2CO3的最适喷施浓度为0.8%。适宜的喷施浓度可以有效提高钾吸收相关基因的表达,是其提高钾吸收利用的机理之一。     

刺葡萄棒状拟盘多毛孢叶斑病病原菌的分离鉴定及其防治药剂筛选

葡萄叶斑病是一种严重影响葡萄产量的病害。为了明确引起刺葡萄叶斑病的病原菌种类及筛选有效防治药剂,本研究从福建农林大学实践教学基地采集刺葡萄‘高山二号’10片典型叶斑病病叶片,对分离得到的菌株进行形态学和分子鉴定。结果表明,通过形态学特征结合rDNA-ITS(ITS)、β-tubulin和EF-1α序列分析确定分离到的菌株均为棒状拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis clavispora。防治药剂筛选的结果显示,不同的防治药剂对炭疽病菌的抑制效果不同,60%唑醚·代森联水分散粒剂和25%嘧菌酯悬乳剂对该病原菌菌丝生长的抑制效果最好,其EC_(50)分别为0.119 mg/L和0.178 mg/L;其次为80%波尔多液可湿性粉剂,其EC_(50)为1.766 mg/L;抑制效果最差的药剂为50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂,仅表现出轻微的抑制作用。防治棒状拟盘多毛孢菌丝生长和孢子萌发的最佳药剂是60%唑醚·代森联水分散粒剂和25%嘧菌酯悬乳剂,可作为备选药剂进行田间刺葡萄叶斑病防控试验。     

新疆吐鲁番地区‘无核白’葡萄水分和矿质元素周年吸收规律研究

为探究新疆吐鲁番地区‘无核白’葡萄水分和矿质元素的周年吸收规律,以4年生‘无核白’葡萄为试材,采用密闭式营养液循环供给系统栽培,避免了水分和矿质元素的流失,并设置低、中、高浓度(0.5、1.0和1.5倍标准配方浓度)的Hoagland营养液处理。在葡萄植株的生长发育过程中持续测定营养生长(新梢长度、新梢粗度、叶片面积)和生殖生长(果粒横径、果粒纵径、单果质量、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸)指标,检测和计算了不同发育阶段葡萄植株对水分和矿质元素的吸收量,并测定葡萄叶片和果实中矿质元素的含量变化。结果表明,中浓度营养液栽培的‘无核白’葡萄长势中庸,果实品质最佳,作为吐鲁番地区葡萄水分和矿质营养吸收量的参考依据,其生理需水量为每年4 149.5m~3·hm~(-2),矿质元素每公顷的吸收量分别为N 227.9 kg,P 22.9 kg,K 325.9 kg,Ca 341.8 kg,Mg 117.8 kg,Fe 1.9 kg,Mn 460.6 g,Cu 182.3 g,Zn 198.1 g,B 728.3 g。花后47~75 d,‘无核白’葡萄植株的水分和矿质元素吸收速率最大。叶片和果实中的矿质元素含量总体呈高浓度营养液处理中浓度营养液处理低浓度营养液处理的趋势。     

Identification of endophytic fungi of grapevine with emphasis on the causal agents of grapevine trunk disease in the vineyards of Zanjan Province in Iran

Trunk disease is a major problem on grapevine in Zanjan province, causing serious decline, despite which its aetiology remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate factors involved in grapevine decline in vineyards of Zanjan province. Samples were collected from twigs and branches of grapevines in the region between October and November 2018. Fungal isolates were identified based on morphological characteristics and ITS-rDNA sequence data for selected isolates. The frequency and diversity of the fungal community recovered from grapevines in Darreh Sejin in Zanjan province were higher than in other regions. A total of 112 fungal isolates comprising 22 species were recovered. Phaeoacremonium minimum, Microsphaeropsis olivacea and Kalmusia variispora were identified as the dominant species in the region examined and could be considered the main trunk pathogens of grapevines in Zanjan region. In inoculation tests, M. olivacea was proved to be pathogenic on grapevine for the first time in this study.