Effect of inoculum type and timing of application of Coniothyrium minitans on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: influence on apothecial production

The effects of different inocula of the mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans on carpogenic germination of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum at different times of year were assessed. A series of three glasshouse box bioassays was used to compare the effect of five spore-suspension inocula of C. minitans , including three different isolates (Conio, IVT1 and Contans), with a standard maizemeal–perlite inoculum. Apothecial production, as well as viability and C. minitans infection of S. sclerotiorum sclerotia buried in treated soil, were assessed. Maizemeal–perlite inoculum at 10⁷ CFU per cm³ soil reduced sclerotial germination and apothecial production in all three box bioassays, decreasing sclerotial recovery and viability in the second bioassay and increasing C. minitans infection of sclerotia in the first bioassay. Spore-suspension inocula applied at a lower concentration (10⁴ CFU per cm³ soil) were inconsistent in their effects on sclerotial germination in the three box bioassays. Temperature was an important factor influencing apothecial production. Sclerotial germination was delayed or inhibited when bioassays were made in the summer. High temperatures also inhibited infection of sclerotia by C. minitans . Coniothyrium minitans survived these high temperatures, however, and infected the sclerotia once the temperature decreased to a lower level. Inoculum level of C. minitans was an important factor in reducing apothecial production by sclerotia. The effects of temperature on both carpogenic germination of sclerotia and parasitism of sclerotia by C. minitans are discussed.     

不同营养条件对羊肚菌菌核形成的影响

菌核形成与羊肚菌(Morchella esculenta)子实体的形成有密切的关系。以PDA培养基为基础培养基,通过添加其他物质培养羊肚菌菌丝,观察菌核生长情况,从而初步判断其形成菌核的培养基限定条件。结果表明,碳源营养添加物为淀粉和乳糖,浓度为10 g·L^-1;氮源添加物为NH4HCO3、KNO3和甘氨酸,浓度为250 mg·L^-1;添加KH2PO4,浓度为1 g·L^-1,均能较好地促进羊肚菌菌核的形成。     

Production,survival and evaluation of solid-substrate inocula ofConiothyrium minitans againstSclerotinia sclerotiorum

Coniothyrium minitans grew on all ten solid-substrates (barley, barley-rye-sunflower, bran-vermiculite, bran-sand, maizemed-perlite, millet, oats, peat-bran, rice and wheat) tested, producing high numbers of germinable pycnidiospores (1.9–9.3×10⁸ g^–1 air dry inocula). All solid substrate inocula survived better in the laboratory at 5 and 15 °C than at 30 °C for at least 64 weeks.In pot bioassays carried out in the glasshouse and field, soil incorporations of each inoculum almost completely inhibited carpogenic germination ofS. sclerotiorum. In the field bioassay, no sclerotia were recovered after 38 weeks fromC. minitans-treated pots compared to 56% from control pots. In the glasshouse bioassay, 9–30% of sclerotia were recovered after 20 weeks fromC. minitans-treated pots, but 88–100% of these were infected by the antagonist. The antagonist also spread to infect sclerotia in control pots.In larger scale glasshouse trials, single preplanting soil-incorporations of five inocula (barley-ryesunflower, maizemeal-perlite, peat-bran, rice and wheat) controlled Sclerotinia disease in a sequence of lettuce crops, with only small differences between the types of inocula tested. At harvest,C. minitans reduced sclerotial populations on the soil surface and over 74% of sclerotia recovered fromC. minitans-treated plots were infected by the antagonist.C. minitans survived in soil in all solid-substrate inocula-treated plots for at least 39 weeks at levels of 10⁴–10⁵ colony forming units cm^–3 soil and spread to infect over 36% of sclerotia recovered from control plots.     

小麦纹枯病菌菌核形成条件研究

研究了小麦纹枯病菌在不同光照、温度、培养基条件下菌核数量形成的差异.结果表明,小麦纹枯病菌在不同的光照条件下都可以形成菌核,但是形成菌核数量有差异.小麦纹枯病菌在24 h光照(即G24)条件下产生的菌核数量最多,其次是光照12h,而在全黑暗(即G0)的条件下产生的菌核数量较少.小麦纹枯病菌在15～35℃条件下都可以形成菌核,且在15～30℃的条件下,随着温度的升高,菌核数量也在增加,而在高于30C的条件下形成的菌核数量在减少;小麦纹枯病菌在25～30℃条件下最有利于形成菌核且数量较多.最适合小麦纹枯病菌形成菌核的培养基是PDA培养基.     

培养条件对春油菜菌核病产生菌核影响的研究

本文对春油菜菌核病菌（Sclerotinia sclerotiorum(Lib.)Derbay)产生菌核的影响因子进行初步研究。结果表明：菌丝产生菌核的最适温度15－20℃；最适PH3－8；最适碳源为葡萄糖;适氮源为胰蛋白胨；最适培养基为玉米粉琼脂培养基。     

Spread of levan-positive populations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudomonas savastanoi</Emphasis> pv. <Emphasis Type="Italic">savastanoi</Emphasis>, the causal agent of olive knot,in central Italy

Mixtures of wet vegetable wastes (Brassica, carrot or onion) and dry onion waste were composted at 50 °C for 7 days. The incorporation of the raw or composted vegetable waste mixtures into sandy loam, silt and peat soils reduced the viability of sclerotia of S. cepivorum in glasshouse pot bioassays. The reduction in viability was dependent on waste type, rate of incorporation, duration of exposure and soil type. Onion waste was the most effective waste type in reducing sclerotia viability in all three soils. The Brassica and carrot wastes were as effective as the onion waste in silt soil but less effective in sandy loam and peat soil. A 50% w/w incorporation rate of the wastes gave the largest reduction in viability, with an increase in reduction over time. Composted onion waste reduced sclerotia viability under glasshouse and field conditions although the effect was smaller in the field. Composted onion waste incorporated into soil at 50% w/w reduced the incidence of Allium white rot on onion seedlings in glasshouse pot tests. Incidence and control of the disease differed with soil type. The most consistent control was achieved in peat soil whereas no control was observed in silt soil. Incorporation of the waste 2 months prior to sowing or transplanting reduced seedling emergence in sandy loam soil and growth in all three soil types. The potential for field application of composted vegetable wastes as a sustainable method for control of Allium white rot and waste disposal is discussed.     

不同施氮量对油菜“浙油50”菌核病及产量的影响

以浙江省油菜主栽品种"浙油50"为对象进行不同施氮量试验,研究不同施氮量对油菜菌核病发生程度及产量的影响。研究结果表明:浙油50每667 m2适宜施N量为15～20 kg,在该施氮水平下,油菜菌核病发生较轻,且产量水平高。     

抑制向日葵核盘菌菌核形成的生防菌S-16的鉴定及其生防作用研究

本研究从内蒙古包头市萨拉齐向日葵根围土壤中分离得到1株生防细菌 S-16,拮抗试验表明,菌株S-16能够显著抑制向日葵核盘菌的菌丝生长。显微镜观察发现,核盘菌菌丝生长点附近出现明显的异常分枝和囊泡状畸形,并且在距菌株S-16一定范围内核盘菌不能形成菌核。培养基内添加1%的菌株S-16发酵滤液能够有效抑制向日葵核盘菌菌核的形成。室内生测表明,2＆#215;106 cfu/mL浓度的菌株S-16菌液在离体叶片及幼苗上对向日葵菌核病的防效分别为94.62%和94.21%。通过细菌形态特征和生理生化反应,并结合API鉴定和16S rDNA序列分析,将菌株S-16鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis。     

蔬菜菌核病菌对氟吡菌酰胺的敏感性及防病应用潜力评估

【目的】评价蔬菜菌核病菌（Sclerotinia sclerotiorum）对新型琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂类杀菌剂氟吡菌酰胺的敏感性,明确药剂对不同发育阶段菌核病菌的毒力效应以及氟吡菌酰胺防治蔬菜菌核病的作用方式和田间应用效果,以指导氟吡菌酰胺的科学使用。【方法】从山东省昌乐、寿光、青州、临朐和泰安等地的蔬菜产区采集173株来自黄瓜、番茄、茄子、西葫芦、芸豆、辣椒等6种作物上的田间菌核病发病组织,室内分离纯化后采用菌丝生长速率法测定其对氟吡菌酰胺的敏感性;测定氟吡菌酰胺对病菌菌核产量、菌核形态和菌核菌丝型萌发的影响;采用离体茄子叶片接种试验确定氟吡菌酰胺防治菌核病的作用方式;最后通过两年田间药效试验进一步验证其实际应用效果。【结果】氟吡菌酰胺对菌核病菌的菌丝生长具有较强的抑制活性,且对来自不同作物的173株菌核病菌的抑制中浓度（EC₅₀）差异不大,分布在0.02-0.30 μg·mL^-1,表明这些菌株可被用来分析蔬菜菌核病菌对氟吡菌酰胺的敏感性水平。EC₅₀频率分布图呈单峰偏正态曲线分布,变异系数较小,表明该地区的蔬菜菌核病菌对氟吡菌酰胺均表现敏感。氟吡菌酰胺对菌核病菌的菌核产量、菌核形态以及菌核菌丝型萌发具有较高的抑制活性。在氟吡菌酰胺1.6 μg·mL^-1处理浓度下,该药剂对3株来自不同作物的菌核病菌表现出相同的抑制趋势,其菌核的数量和干重均明显降低,形态明显变小,表明该药剂能够有效地减少菌核病菌的初侵染源数量,并降低其侵染活性;而经过连续3 d的观察,5 μg·mL^-1氟吡菌酰胺对3株病菌的菌核菌丝型萌发的抑制率均在95%以上,表明该药剂有能力抑制菌核病菌的这一侵染方式,从而保护作物茎基部免受菌丝侵染。离体叶片接种防治试验表明,氟吡菌酰胺具有保护作用与治疗作用,40 μg·mL^-1的保护效果为100.00%,治疗效果为88.81%,显著高于对照药剂多菌灵和菌核净的防治效果,但该药剂对菌核病的保护作用明显优于治疗作用,表明该药剂在田间使用时应在病害发病前或发病初期使用,从而获得较好的防治效果。2016和2017两年的田间药效试验中,氟吡菌酰胺200 g a.i./hm²处理对茄子菌核病的防治效果分别为90.30%和87.60%,显著高于氟吡菌酰胺其他施用剂量以及对照药剂菌核净600 g a.i./hm²、多菌灵1 150 g a.i./hm²的防治效果。【结论】新型琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂氟吡菌酰胺对菌核病菌的菌丝生长、菌核形成及萌发均具有较高的抑制活性,且在田间能够有效地控制菌核病发生,因此该药剂是防治菌核病的高效药剂,可作为现有防治药剂的补充。     

水稻纹枯病菌核的浮沉特性与超微结构的关系研究

研究水稻纹枯病菌核的浮沉现象与超微结构的关系及不同生态条件下的菌核结构的差异性,结果表明,菌核具有浮水性,沉水性和转变性等特点,电镜扫描显示菌核的浮沉特性与菌核内外层组织解剖结构有密切关系。外层空细胞腔的厚薄决定菌核的浮沉。浮核外层较厚。沉核外层较薄,用化学药剂处理可使菌核浮或沉,甚至多次反复转变,此外,不同生态条件下形成的菌核其形成结构存在明显差异。