Screening and identification of soybean varieties with high phosphorus efficiency at seedling stage

In order to simplify the workload and find a reliable method for screening soybeans with different phosphorus(P)efficiencies,47 soybean varieties were screened from 90 varieties according to yield under normal phosphorus,and 10 indicators including root phenotype,phosphorus utilization efficiency at the seedling stage and yield were measured.Through single-index cluster analysis,the performance value and relative value of the abovementioned indexes under low-phosphorus conditions were analyzed,and then,the combined indexes were analyzed by principal components method.The membership function method and the cluster analysis method was used to calculate and analyze the comprehensive score value.Three indexes of root P utilization efficiency(X₁),relative value of root P utilization efficiency(X₂),and root volume(X₃)under low P at the seedling stage were selected as the most consistent with the yield screening results under low P condition,and the mathematical model of the comprehensive score value was obtained:D=1.218X₁t 0.320X₂t 0.007X₃-0.664(P=0.000,R²=1.000).The comprehensive score can screen and identify the P efficiency of soybeans with fewer indexes in the early growth stages,which provides a more rapid and reliable mathematical model for screening and identifying a larger number of germplasm resources for P efficiency.     

MS培养基中氮、磷无机盐对鳗草克隆幼苗生存的影响

为了探究MS培养基中氮、磷无机营养盐对鳗草生长的影响。单独添加不同浓度KNO₃、NH₄NO₃和KH₂PO₄的天然海水中培养鳗草克隆苗,于7、14天进行植株形态学观察和叶片叶绿素含量测定。其中,KNO₃的添加量为MS培养基中的1/2倍、1倍和2倍及NO₃^-总浓度为39.4 mmol/L,KH₂PO₄和NH₄NO₃的添加量均为MS培养基中各自浓度的1/2、1和2倍。结果表明,叶绿素含量以KNO₃处理组最高(P<0.05),克隆苗培养14天无毒害现象,且有新叶发出;NH₄NO₃和KH₂PO₄处理组均对克隆苗有明显毒害作用,NH₄NO₃处理组叶片48 h后开始褐化,7天后茎尖、根尖明显变软并褐化,14天后植株死亡;KH₂PO₄处理组培养14天后叶片平均褐化率达56%。因此,1/2、MS培养基均不适用于鳗草的室内培养,其培养基的氮源应为单独添加的NO₃^--N或高浓度NO₃^--N+低浓度NH₄⁺-N。     

典型农田根际土壤伯克霍尔德氏菌群落结构及其多样性

在根际环境中伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderiales)是一类重要的植物促生菌,其群落结构变化可能会影响植物的生长和发育。本研究针对伯克霍尔德氏菌目,采用特异性引物16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术,研究了田间条件下黑土、潮土和红壤中玉米根际伯克霍尔德氏菌群落结构及其对地上部作物生物量和产量的可能影响。结果表明:在三种土壤类型中,与未施肥相比,施肥对伯克霍尔德氏菌目的丰富度和多样性均没有显著影响。在伯克霍尔德氏菌的科水平主要检测到三类细菌,分别为草酸杆菌科(Oxalobacteraceae)、丛毛单胞菌科(Comamonadaceae)和伯克氏菌科(Burkholderiaceae),且草酸杆菌科是其中的优势菌。此外,施肥显著增加了有机质含量较低的潮土中马赛菌(Massilia spp.和Massilia sp. WG5)和伯克氏菌(Burkholderiaspp.)的相对丰度(P0.05);增加了酸性红壤中草螺旋菌(Herbaspirillumsp.ZM319)的相对丰度,但降低了Noviherbaspirillum spp.的相对丰度(P0.05);而在有机质含量最高的黑土中,所有检测到的伯克霍尔德氏菌均无明显地变化。进一步分析表明,土壤有效磷、速效钾含量和土壤pH是影响这几类细菌的主要因素,而马赛菌群落的变化可能会影响玉米地上部生物量和产量。本研究表明,尽管化学施肥是影响玉米地上部生物量和产量的主要原因,但是伯克霍尔德氏菌等根际微生物群落也可能是影响它们的潜在生物因素。     

供磷水平对‘热研5号'柱花草-根瘤菌共生体系的影响

为研究不同供磷水平对热研5号柱花草(Stylosanthes guianensis‘Reyan No.5')-根瘤菌共生体系的影响,利用水培试验对接种7株不同根瘤菌的柱花草进行3个磷浓度的处理,通过对柱花草干重、植株含氮量、根瘤数、固氮酶活性的测定及分析确定磷对共生体系的影响。结果表明:低磷不利于柱花草及根瘤菌共生体系的生长;菌株YM11-1,FS3-1-1在高磷时固氮促生效果最佳,菌株LZ3 2,RJS9-2,BS1-1,CJ1则在中等磷条件下固氮促生效果最佳,磷对菌株PN13-3的影响不大。     

Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on the growth and nutrition of hybrid poplars on Vancouver Island

The effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) rates, P source, and method of P application were tested on growth and nutrition of four clones of hybrid poplar (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray×P. deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh or P. trichocarpa×P. maximowiczii A. Henry) in a plantation on Vancouver Island. Treatments were applied shortly after planting. Nitrogen (0, 500kgNha^–1) was supplied as ammonium sulfate (AS); half of the AS was added at the start of the second growing season. Phosphorus (0, 100, 200kgPha^–1) was supplied as triple super phosphate (TSP), rock phosphate (RP), or diammonium phosphate (DAP) and banded or broadcast. Over four growing seasons, stem volumes increased with AS and P additions. The effects of AS and P each were greatest when the other was also added. Volume was greater when P was applied at 100kgha^–1 than in the P control and did not significantly increase further at 200kgPha^–1. Phosphorus additions were more effective when added as TSP or DAP than when added as RP, but only in P100 and when banded. Banding increased volume when P was applied at 200kgha^–1, but increases were significant only for DAP fertilized trees. Roto-tilling associated with the banding treatment also increased volume when AS and P were not added. Rankings of clones with respect to stem volume varied with N supply and changed over time.     

砂基栽培中磷素淋失防治研究进展

砂基栽培中的磷素淋溶损失不仅造成肥料利用率降低、农业生产成本上升,还能引起地下和地表水体富营养化。在综合中外有关文献的基础上,阐述了砂基栽培磷素淋溶问题的提出、影响磷素淋溶的因子、防治方法,并对砂基栽培磷素淋溶及其防治作了展望。     

马尾松种源对磷肥的遗传反应及根际土壤营养差异

利用5a生马尾松种源与磷肥互作试验林，研究不同种源对磷肥的遗传反应式样以及在低(缺)磷环境下的根际营养差异。结果发现，广东高州和广西岑溪两种源对磷肥的反应显著，属于对磷肥敏感型种源。广东信宜和福建武平两种源对磷肥反应不敏感，属于耐低磷型或对磷肥不敏感型种源，而江西崇义种源显著的磷肥效应仅在造林后头2～3年显示。对于根际土的的化学性质，不同种源虽有较大差异，但根际土的有机质、全氮、水解氮和有效磷含量一般显著高于非根际土。不同种源根际对土壤中的磷都具有活化作用和富集作用，尤其是广东信宜和福建武平两种源对土壤磷的活化和富集作用最为强烈，这可初步解释这两个种源对磷肥不敏感、能适应低(缺)磷胁迫的遗传机制。马尾松不同种源根际土壤并未发生明显的酸化。     

Short fallows of Tithonia diversifolia and Crotalaria grahamiana for soil fertility improvement in western Kenya

Managed short-duration fallows may have the potential to replace longer fallows in regions where population density no longer permits slow natural fallow successions. The purpose of fallows is not only to improve subsequent crop performance but also to restore soil fertility and organic matter content for the long term. We therefore evaluated the soil organic matter and nutrient flows and fractions in a short fallow experiment managed in the western Kenya highlands, and also compared the experimental area with a 9–12-yr-oldadjacent natural bush fallow. The factorial agroforestry field experiment with four land-use and two P fertilizer treatments on a Kandiudalfic Eutrudox showed that 31-wk managed fallows with Tithonia diversifolia(Hemsley) A. Gray and Crotalaria grahamiana Wight &Arn. improved soil fertility and organic matter content above those of a natural weed fallow and continuous maize (Zea mays L.). Post-fallow maize yields were also improved, although cumulative three-season increases in yield were small (0–1.2 Mg ha⁻¹) when the yield foregone during the fallow season was accounted for. Improvements in yield and soil quality could be traced to quantity or quality of biomass recycled by the managed fallows. The non-woody recycled biomass produced by the continuous maize, weed fallow, and tithonia treatments was near 2Mg ha⁻¹, whereas crotalaria produced three times more recyclable biomass and associated N and P. Increases in topsoil N due to the fallows may have been attributable in part to deep acquisition and recycling of N by the fallows. Particulate macro-organic matter produced by the fallows contained sufficient N(30–50 kg ha⁻¹) to contribute substantially to maize production. Organic Paccumulation (29 kg ha⁻¹) similarly may play a significant role in crop nutrition upon subsequent mineralization. The effect of the P fertilizer application on soil properties and maize yield was constant for all land-use systems (i.e., no land-use system × P fertilizer interactions occurred). There was an indication that tithonia may have stimulated infestation of Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth., and care must be taken to evaluate the full effects of managed fallows over several seasons. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

不同供磷水平对辣椒根系形态和根际特征的影响

以辣椒品种线椒王为试验材料，采用盆栽方式，通过分析不同施磷水平下辣椒根系形态和根系生理的变化，探究辣 椒磷高效利用的主要根系及根际过程。结果表明，辣椒地上部和根系生物量随供磷水平的增加呈现先增加后下降的趋势，整 株磷浓度以及整株磷累积量呈增加趋势。随供磷水平增加，根系总根长呈先增加后下降趋势，根系平均直径、根冠比呈逐渐 降低趋势；辣椒根系菌根侵染率和土壤酸性磷酸酶活性呈现先增加后下降的趋势。相关分析结果表明，土壤有效磷浓度和整 株磷浓度与根系平均直径、菌根侵染率呈极显著负相关，与总根长可用一元二次方程拟合，表明辣椒根系适应低磷的根际特 征可能是通过增加根系生物量及总根长，同时降低根系平均直径来实现的。     

Mass balanced based LCA of a common carp-lettuce aquaponics system

An aquaponics system (AS) is an integrated system that combines a recirculating aquaculture system and a hydroponics system (HS). It is designed to recover nutrients released from fish and transfer them to plants to provide a system more environmentally-friendly than the two systems working separately. As a result, several AS are under development, but little information is available about their overall performances. The aim of this study was to assess nutrient-use efficiency and environmental impacts of an AS, specifically a common carp-lettuce AS located in a greenhouse. Nutrient budgets of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were calculated and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was performed for the AS and for a lettuce Individual Hydroponics System (IHS), similar to the HS of the AS, operating in the greenhouse at the same time. The experiment was performed over a 52-day cycle, which corresponds to the growing time required to harvest marketable lettuce. The nutrient budgets were well balanced, with 24.6% of the N unaccounted-for, most likely due to N2 gas emission, and 6.6% of the P unaccounted-for, most likely due to having underestimated the quantity of sediment. At the beginning of the experiment, N represented 55.9%, 37.1% and 0.1% of the total N input in the formulated feed, stocked fish and lettuce seedlings, respectively. At the end of the experiment, N represented 47.6% and 0.4% of the total N input in the harvested fish and lettuce, respectively. At the beginning of the experiment, P represented 56.94%, 40.20% and 0.03% of the total P input in the formulated feed, stocked fish and lettuce seedlings, respectively. At the end of the experiment, P represented 51.52% and 0.42% of the total P input in the harvested fish and lettuce, respectively. LCA clearly indicated two environmental impact hotspots: the origin of nutrients and energy use. One kg of lettuce growth in the AS clearly had lower environmental impacts than that in the IHS for climate change, acidification, eutrophication, land competition and cumulative energy demand; however, a decrease in water dependence was not observed. The indicator for net primary production use highlighted the dependence of the AS on natural resources, especially fish meal and fish oil. Compared to the use of chemical nutrients in the IHS, the use of nutrients from formulated feed in the AS decreased climate change impact but increased the use of natural resources.