Hydro-physical responses of gypseous and non-gypseous soils to livestock grazing in a semi-arid region of NE Spain

Pasture productivity depends on soil hydro-physical properties, which in turn are deeply affected by livestock grazing. However, the comparative response of different soil types, and particularly gypseous soil types, to grazing has hardly been studied before. This paper compares the effect of grazing on the soil hydro-physical properties of silty gypseous (Gy) and non-gypseous (NGy) soils located in a semi-arid region (Middle Ebro Valley, NE, Spain). Two different soil managements were selected: ungrazed natural shrubland (N) and grazed shrubland (GR) soils. The gypsum, CaCO₃ and organic matter content (OM), soil texture, soil bulk density (ρ_b), penetration resistance (PR), saturated sorptivity (S), hydraulic conductivity (K), and the water retention curve (WRC) for undisturbed soil samples from 1 to 10 cm depth soil layer were measured. The ρ_b and PR in NGy soils were significantly higher than those observed in the Gy ones. Soil compaction due to grazing treatment tended to increase ρ_b and decrease the K and S values. While no differences in PR were observed in the Gy soils between grazing treatments, the PR measured in the NGy soils under GR was significantly higher than the corresponding values observed under N. Differences in K and S between GR and N treatments were only significant (p < 0.05) in NGy soils, where K and S values under the N treatment were almost four times greater than the corresponding values measured under GR. Overall, no differences in the WRCs were observed between soil types and grazing treatments. While the WRCs of NGy soils were not significantly affected by the grazing treatment, Gy soils under N treatment present a significantly higher level of soil macropores than under GR treatment. The hydro-physical features of Gy soils tended to be less affected by grazing than those of the NGy soils. These results suggest that livestock grazing, in both Gy and NGy soils, has a negative effect on the physical soil properties, which should be taken into account by land managers of these semi-arid regions where silty gypseous and non-gypseous areas coexist.     

中国野生葡萄抗霜霉病相关基因VpPR4b及其启动子的克隆和功能分析

以中国野生葡萄(Vitis piasezkii)‘留坝-8’(抗霜霉病)和欧亚种葡萄(V.vinifera)‘黑比诺’(易感霜霉病)为材料,克隆得到抗霜霉病相关基因VpPR4b和VvPR4b。序列分析发现VpPR4b和VvPR4b核苷酸序列相似性为98.61%。VpPR4b编码区为432 bp,编码143个氨基酸,含有BARWIN保守结构域,属于典型的Ⅱ型PR4蛋白。VpPR4b和VvPR4b均可在霜霉菌侵染后诱导表达。亚细胞定位表明VpPR4b定位于细胞膜上。分别从‘留坝-8’和‘黑比诺’中克隆得到了VpPR4b和VvPR4b的启动子,其序列相似性高达95.65%,并且含有相似的顺式作用元件。通过酵母单杂交验证了转录因子WRKY40和WRKY75可以结合VpPR4b启动子。本研究的结果表明PR4b可能在葡萄抵御霜霉病侵染过程中发挥一定作用。     

2010年上半年11省市规模猪场疫病监测与剖析

为了解近期发病猪场几种病毒性疫病的流行状况,采用RT-PCR和PCR方法,对2010年1月至6月期间,来自11省(市) 50个猪场共147份病料进行猪瘟病毒（CSFV）、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）、高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（HP-PRRSV）、伪狂犬病毒（PRV）和猪圆环病毒2型（PCV2）检测,并采用ELISA方法对其中26个猪场458份血清样品进行伪狂犬gE野毒抗体检测。结果表明,PCV2阳性率最高,为75.3%（70/93）;PRRSV阳性率次之,为57.4%（78/136）,HP-PRRSV阳性率为43.5%（54/124）;CSFV和PRV的阳性率分别为37.7%（52/138）和21.0%（21/100）;伪狂犬gE野毒抗体阳性率为16.4%（75/458）。同时检出2种及2种以上病毒的样品占46.9%（69/147）,其中以HP-PRRSV+PCV2、CSFV+PCV2及CSFV+HP-PRRSV+PCV2三种形式最为常见。PRRSV（50.0%）是猪场繁殖障碍性疾病中的最常见病原;CSFV（56.0%）和PCV2（48.0%）是断奶前后仔猪腹泻的常见病原;HP-PRRSV（53.5%）、CSFV（50.7%）和PCV2（48.0%）是保育猪发生高热症的常见病原。该检测结果为猪场疫病的诊断与防控提供了参考。     

Defense response of tomato fruit at different maturity stages to salicylic acid and ethephon

In order to elucidate whether fruit maturity stage influence the induced resistance of exogenous elicitors in tomato and the involved mechanisms, we investigated the defense responses of tomato fruits against Botrytis cinerea, ethylene production and internal quality following treatments of fruit with salicylic acid (SA) or ethephon (ET) at mature green (MG) and breaker (BR). SA significantly suppressed decay and disease incidence in tomato fruits at both MG and BR stages, along with higher expression level of PR1 gene after 2 days of treatment. All fruits treated by SA had lower contents of ethylene and lycopene. The ET-treated fruit at both maturity stages showed lower disease incidence and higher level of PR2 and PR3 expression compared with the control fruit. ET treatment significantly enhanced ethylene and lycopene contents, and accelerated fruit ripening. Our results suggest that SA and ET induced disease resistance in fruits by mediating the expression of different pathogenesis-related genes and have different effects on fruit ripening, which in turn influences the disease resistance of tomato fruits.     

The potential role of PR-8 gene of apple fruit in the mode of action of the yeast antagonist,Candida oleophila,in postharvest biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea

Several pathogenesis-related (PR) genes of apple have been cloned and their response to different pathogens has been studied. Different PR genes, however, may have a variable response depending on the specific organ or tissue as well as microbe. The objective of the current study was to characterize the expression of specific apple PR genes in fruit tissues in response to the antagonistic yeast, Candida oleophila (a common postharvest biocontrol agent), and the fungal pathogen, Botrytis cinerea (a major postharvest pathogen). Apple PR-5 and PR-8 gene expression was characterized in fruit in response to C. oleophila and B. cinerea. Results indicated that PR-8 expression was significantly elevated in response to both fungi. In contrast, neither C. oleophila nor B. cinerea treatment markedly affected PR-5 expression. The PR-8 gene was then synthesized and cloned into a Pichia pastoris expression system to study the antifungal activity of the PR-8 protein against B. cinerea both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, the PR-8 gene of apple is associated with the response to B. cinerea infection, and may play a role in the mechanism by which C. oleophila effectively inhibits B. cinerea disease in apple fruit, namely by the induction of this specific host PR gene.     

小麦PR-1、PR-2、PR-5基因的白粉菌和水杨酸诱导表达分析及白粉病抗性研究

病程相关蛋白基因PR-1、PR-2和PR-5是植物抗病基因介导的抗病反应和系统获得抗性(systemic acquired resistance,SAR)中的标志基因.为了研究病程相关蛋白基因和水杨酸在小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)抗白粉病反应中所起的作用,以抗白粉病和感白粉病小麦品系为材料,在白粉病菌(Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici,Bgt)诱导不同时间,或水杨酸处理不同时间后,用半定量RT-PCR技术检测了小麦叶片中PR-1、PR-2和PR-5基因的表达变化.结果表明,白粉病菌的侵染激活和显著增强了病程相关蛋白基因PR-1、PR-2和PR-5在周麦18中的转录.与感病品系相比,PR-1和PR-5在抗病品系中转录激活得更快、更强.水杨酸处理显著激活了PR-1和PR-5的转录,但对PR-2的转录影响不大.白粉病菌和水杨酸均能显著激活和增强PR-1和PR-5的表达,但白粉病菌的作用更强,说明PR-1和PR-5基因在小麦抗白粉病反应中起重要作用.PR-1和PR-5可以作为小麦SAR的标志基因.水杨酸处理后周麦18和中国春的白粉病抗性得到提高,提示水杨酸在小麦抗白粉病信号传导途径中起一定作用. 激活和显著增强了病程相关蛋白基因PR-1、PR-2和PR-5在周麦18中的转录.与感病品系相比,PR-1和PR-5在抗病品系中转录激活得更快、更强.水杨酸处理显著激活了PR-1和PR-5的转录,但对PR-2的转录影响不大.白粉病菌和水杨酸均能显著激活和增强PR-1和PR-5的表达,但白粉病菌的作用更强,说明PR-1和PR-5基因在小麦抗白粉病反应中起重要作用.PR-1和PR-5可以作为小麦SAR的标志基因.水杨酸处理后周麦18和中国春的白粉病抗性得到提高,提示水杨酸在小麦抗白粉病 号传导途径中起一定作用. 激活和显著增强了病程相关蛋白基因PR-1、PR-2和PR-5在周麦18中的转录.与感病品系相比,PR-1和PR-5在抗病品系中转录     

高割龄橡胶树 PR107高产群体性状指标量化分析

为探索高割龄橡胶树高产栽培技术,采用相关、通径及线性回归分析,对海南省大丰农场23块21、23 a高割龄PR107胶园及其9个高产群体主要经济性状与产量进行统计分析。研究表明,在各主要经济性状中,对产量影响最大的是每公顷有效割株数,其次是年均割次株产干胶量,再之是年割胶刀数。生产中要以每公顷有效割株数为中心来合理安排割胶强度,对年割胶刀数进行合理的促控,保持适宜的高产群体,开割中后期注意刺激剂的施用,以既增加年均每割次株产干胶量,又不影响在割率才有利于高产。运用微机对三性状产量效应数学模型进行仿真模拟,得出高割龄PR107年产量≥1500 kg/hm2的栽培措施为：年均每割次株产干胶量79．82～85．26 g,年割胶刀数60．84～61．19,每公顷有效割株数393．52～422．37株。三因子取平均值时年单产预估为1988．10 kg/hm2。     

不同采收年限和月份PR107橡胶树产胶量的比较

为考察不同采收年限(割龄)和月份对PR107橡胶树产胶量的影响,采用统收统测法对1~37 a割龄和5~12月份PR107无性系树位的干胶产量进行测定分析。研究表明,不同年限、不同月份的PR107橡胶树的干胶产量均有明显差异,其中,不同采收月份中,11月份干胶产量最高,其株产、公顷产干胶量分别达798.74 g、169.35 kg,5月份干胶产量最低,其株产干胶量和公顷产干胶量分别为402.70 g、83.45 kg。不同采收年限中,37 a的全年月均株产干胶量最高,达1 334.39 g,34 a的全年月均公顷产干胶量最高,达188.10 kg。各年限PR107的月株产干胶量与月公顷产干胶量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),而且割龄与年株产干胶量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),但与年公顷产干胶量则呈显著负相关(P0.05)。研究初步证明采收年限和月份显著影响橡胶树PR107的干胶产量。     

Disease and pest resistance in grains of sorghum and millets

In this review available information on the mechanisms of resistance to insect pests and fungal pathogens in sorghum and millets is discussed. The primary source of resistance lies in the chemical and physical make up of the grain. Phenolic compounds such as ferulic acid and tannins present in some sorghums are potent inhibitors of pests and pathogens. Grain hardness is a major deterrent to infection and infestation in low tannin grains. The prolamins, the grain storage proteins of sorghum, are organized into protein bodies and provide a physical and a nutritional barrier since they are resistant to digestion by insect and fungal proteases. A plethora of proteins that belong to the ‘pathogenesis related protein’ group are distributed in various parts of the grain. Some of them are located in protein bodies. Notwithstanding, sorghum is still susceptible to insect pests and fungal pathogens. An understanding of the natural mechanisms of resistance in the grain is paramount for the development of durable resistance against pests and pathogens. The pyramiding of resistance genes and the development of transgenic lines based on this understanding are two sources of hope for the future protection of sorghum and millets.     

对杭州地区4种猪病的血清学调查分析

通过对于杭州地区规模化猪场PRRS、PCV2、PR、SF等4种疾病抗体的血清学检测,发现PRRS、PCV2、PR感染率依次降低,PR的野毒感染率31.2%,总抗体阳性率为68%,猪瘟的免疫保护率为74%;下半年与上半年相比,PRRS稍有升高,SF免疫合格率有所下降,PR免疫转阳率下降,感染率稍有升高,表明防疫形势不容乐观.PRRS已经有大部分场次(93%)发生,75%的场次存在PCV2感染,7%的场次感染PR,6.4%的场次猪瘟免疫抗体不合格.建议继续做好PR、SF的免疫预防,完善PRRS疫苗,加强PCV2疫苗的研制.