高频饮用牛奶和葡萄糖对雌性大鼠生殖机能的影响

选用22d断奶SD大鼠高频饮用牛奶或葡萄糖40d,分别记录各组动物的阴道开张时间和阴道黏液、每周日增重、卵巢及子宫所占体重百分比、血糖水平,收集卵巢进行组织学处理以观察卵泡发育情况,探讨高频饮用牛奶和葡萄糖对雌性大鼠初情期的影响.结果显示,奶组和糖组大鼠较对照组阴道开张时间来得早,预示初情期可能提前,而且,奶组和糖组大鼠的卵巢占体重百分比较对照组高(P＜0.05).牛奶组血糖水平比对照组高,但糖组与对照组血糖水平差异不显著.通过对卵巢进行石蜡切片、HE染色及卵泡计数,结果显示:奶组的闭锁卵泡、每张切片卵泡总平均数都比对照组多(P＜0.05),而葡萄糖组的黄体数比对照组少(P＜0.05).试验表明高频饮用牛奶和葡萄糖可对性成熟前雌性大鼠的生殖机能产生一定影响.     

Pubertal development of male African catfish,Clarias gariepinus. In vitro steroidogenesis by testis and interrenal tissue and plasma levels of sexual steroids

In fish, sex steroids initiate and/or accelerate the maturation of the brain-pituitary-gonad axis. In order to obtain information on the steroid milieu during the pubertal development of male African catfish, we have monitored the conversion of [³H]-pregnenolone and [³H]-androstenedione by testis and [³H]-pregnenolone by interrenal tissue fragmentsin vitro. Pubertal development occurs between two and six months of age. Testicular development proceeds through four main stages that are characterised histologically by the presence of spermatogonia (stage I), spermatogonia and spermatocytes (stage II), spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids (stage III), and all germ cells including spermatozoa (stage IV). 11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione and cortisol were the main products of testes and interrenal tissue, respectively, in all stages of the pubertal development; a change in the steroidogenic pattern was not observed during this period. The interrenal tissue displayed no significant conversion of [³H]-pregnenolone to 11-oxygenated androgens. Blood plasma was analyzed for the presence of five androgens; testosterone, 11β-hydroxytestosterone, 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione, androstenetrione, and 11-ketotestosterone. 11-Ketotestosterone was the quantitatively dominating androgen in the circulation at all stages of development, which was more pronounced in stages III and IV. The obvious differences between thein vitro andin vivo results, namely 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione being the main testicular productvs. 11-ketotestosterone dominating in the blood, may indicate that 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione is converted to 11-ketotestosterone at extratesticular sites.     

Maturity and reproduction of goneplacid crab <Emphasis Type="Italic">Carcinoplax vestita</Emphasis> (Decapoda,Brachyura) in Tokyo Bay

ABSTRACT:     Sexual maturity, morphological sexual dimorphism, and reproduction of the goneplacid crab Carcinoplax vestita were investigated in Tokyo Bay, Japan, from November 2002 to October 2003. The puberty molt in males was evidenced by changes in the relative size of the chelipeds and merus of the walking legs, and was estimated to occur at a size range of 13.20–18.85 mm carapace length. Post-pubertal females were identified by the relative size of the abdomen and puberty was estimated to occur at a size range of 12.81–15.46 mm carapace length. Sexual dimorphism in C. vestita was observed in all features that showed secondary sexual characteristics. Monthly changes of gonad index in males, and of seminal receptacle index and occurrence of sperm plugs in females were synchronized, and indicated that mating was intense in spring. Ovaries began developing in March. Ovigerous females were found in all months except December, but were clearly more abundant between August and October. Fecundity ranged from 7800 to 57 000 mature oocytes per female per batch and was highly correlated with body size. The results suggest that some females may spawn more than one batch per year.     

The GnRH systems in the brain and pituitary of normal and hCG treated European silver eels

The distribution of immunoreactive GnRH was studied in the brain and pituitary gland of normal and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) injected silver eels. It was found that the general organization of GnRH systems in this species is similar to that reported in other teleosts. Cell bodies were present in the olfactory bulbs, ventral telencephalon, periventricular hypothalamus and dorsal tegmentum. No positive perikarya could be detected in the preoptic region. Only scarce fibers were observed in the proximal neurohypophysis. Treatment with hCG does not modify the distribution of GnRH but it increases the density of positive structures, in particular at the level of the pituitary. The results are discussed in relation with the present status of knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the blockage of sexual maturation in the European eel at the silver stage.     

Serum steroid concentrations and development of reproductive organs during puberty in male bonnethead sharks, Sphyrna tiburo

Puberty is a critical, hormone-mediated event during which an animal acquires the ability to breed and propagate. Despite the importance of this stage in animal reproduction, little is known regarding the physiological factors that regulate and/or accompany puberty in several vertebrate groups including elasmobranchs. To address the need for such information, the present study investigated morphological and hormonal changes that occur during puberty in male bonnethead sharks (Sphyrna tiburo). Serial changes in development of claspers, paired copulatory organs in male elasmobranchs, and serum steroid concentrations during puberty were evaluated in captive-held male S. tiburo. Captive-animal studies were supplemented by observations on gonadal development, gonaduct morphology, and serum steroid concentrations in feral, peripubertal male S. tiburo. Changes in size and histological architecture of testes and gonaducts of peripubertal sharks mirrored the seasonal progression of events that occur in these structures in mature males. Claspers grew in length continuously during puberty, but sharks did not reach functional maturity until a short period before mating activity commences in the mature population. Clasper growth appeared to be strictly regulated in S. tiburo, perhaps to ensure growth of these organs to sizes deemed critical for reproductive success. Serum concentrations of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, progesterone, and 17β-estradiol increased in both captive and feral sharks during pubertal development, and may be associated with development of the gonads and gonaducts. Differences in hormone profiles of captive and feral sharks were observed at certain periods during puberty, but their origin remains unclear. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Role of kisspeptin/GPR54 signaling pathways in prompting formation of precocious puberty

AIM: To explore the role of kisspeptin/GPR54 signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of precocious puberty based on female precocious puberty rat model induced by the single dose of danazol. METHODS: Female SD rats aged 3 d were randomly divided into normal group, vehicle group and model group. On the 5th day, the model rats were given a single subcutaneous injection of danazol with ethanol and ethylene glycol mixture. All rats were executed on 15 d, 25 d, 30 d, 35 d and 40 d, and the samples were collected to observe the sexual organ development. The levels of E₂, FSH and LH in peripheral blood were measured by ELISA. The Kiss-1 mRNA expression of Kiss-1, GPR54 and GnRH in hypothalamus was detected by real-time PCR. The kisspeptin expression in rat hypothalamus was observed by immunofluorescence. RESULTS: The time for puberty onset and sexual maturation in the model rats was significantly earlier than that in normal group and vehicle group. On days 25 and 30, the levels of peripheral sex hormones and uterine coefficients in model group were significantly higher than those in normal group and vehicle group. On days 25 and 30, the ovarian morphological development in the model rats was significantly earlier than that in normal group. On day 25, the mRNA expression of hypothalamic Kiss-1 and GnRH, and kisspeptin expression of hypothalamic arcuate nucleus in the model rats significantly increased compared with normal group and vehicle group. On day 30, kisspeptin expression of hypothalamic arcuate nucleus in the model rats decreased compared with normal group and vehicle group. On day 35, the mRNA expression of Kiss-1 and GnRH in the model rats decreased compared with normal group and vehicle group. The mRNA expression of GPR54 had no obvious difference among all groups. CONCLUSION: The Kiss-1 mRNA and kisspeptin expression in the model rats with precocious puberty is significantly increased in the hypothalamus during onset of puberty, suggesting that kisspeptin is an initiating factor for precocious puberty. Kisspeptin/GPR54 signaling pathway may play an important role in the occurrence of precocious puberty.     

西农萨能奶山羊母羔初情期的研究

对30只西农萨能奶山羊母羔的初情期体重、日龄、发情表现,发情周期及17β—雌二醇(17β-E_2)和孕酮(P_4)水平变化进行了研究。研究结果表明:1.初情期体重和日龄分别为10.2(8.0—12.9)kg和54.7(43—71)天,初情期体重和日龄的相关系数为0.798,初情期日龄和出生日期的相关系数则为0.963;2.第一个发情周期平均为8.3(2—37)天,其中短周期(2—8天)羊占62.4％;3.发情表现的特点是阴道和阴门下角有灰白色粘液;4.初情期17β—E_2(pg/ml)/P_4(ng/ml)比值为141.1,17β-E_2和P_4的分泌关系有同步、反步和部分同步部分反步现象。     

初情期母牦牛乏情的产生机理探讨

青藏高原地区母牦牛繁殖率普遍偏低,初情期母牦牛的乏情情况较为普遍,严重影响其繁殖性能.为探究初情期母牦牛乏情产生的机理,以其营养代谢为切入点,对乏情和发情的初情期母牦牛的血液各类指标进行了检测.结果表明,乏情组母牦牛促性腺激素(GnRH)、促卵泡素(FSH)、促黄体素(LH)、雌激素(E2)和孕酮(P4)均显著低于发情...     

动物性成熟启动基因网络和神经内分泌调节研究进展

 动物性成熟启动是一个复杂的生物学过程,其决定性事件是下丘脑GnRH脉冲式释放增加。GnRH脉冲式释放增加是由跨突触改变和神经胶质输入两个方面共同引起的,其中,跨突触改变由谷氨酸能神经元、Kisspeptin神经元、γ 氨基丁酸能神经元、阿片能神经元及RFRP神经元提供,而神经胶质输入主要由生长因子家族提供。诸多功能基因参与了性成熟启动过程,组成了复杂的基因调控网络,这些基因并不是按照严格的等级顺序排列,而是在功能上有所重叠。转录调节因子的抑制性作用使得性成熟启动不会提早发生。论文还介绍了表观机制在性成熟启动调控中的重要作用。     

GnRH依赖型性早熟遗传调控系统研究进展

性早熟在人类上表现为病理状态,而在家禽生产上则是一个具有重要经济价值的性状。人类性早熟调控机理的研究较为透彻,尤其是近年来全基因关联分析方法的应用,使得研究者对于性成熟启动相关新基因发掘及其调控网络的认识更加深入。论文综述了人类Gn-RH依赖型性早熟(GDPP)的5个基因调控系统,包括kisspeptin系统、γ-GABA系统、NPY和leptin系统、LIN28B系统和NKB系统的研究进展,为禽类早熟性状研究提供依据。