Effect of biofloc technology on growth of speckled shrimp,Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricus) in different feeding regimes

The effects of biofloc technology (BFT) were tested on growth performance, water quality, haemolymph parameters and hepatopancreas histology with and without BFT for the speckled shrimp. In this study, eight different experimental groups were formed (four BFT and four control groups) to measure the effects of different feeding rates on compensatory growth of speckled shrimp. BFT treatments were performed with zero water exchange and planned as BFT1: gradually feed decreasing group 4, 2 and 1% bw, BFT2: 4% bw, BFT3: 2‐days feed with 4% bw, 1‐day fasted, and BFT4: 1‐day feed with 4% bw, 1‐day fasted. In control treatment, the same trial groups were constituted for comparing with BFT at a 50% daily water exchange: C1 (gradually feed decreasing group: 4%, 2% and 1% bw), C2 (4% bw), C3 (2‐days feed with 4% bw, 1‐day fasted), C4 (1‐day feed with 4% bw, 1‐day fasted). There were significant differences between BFT and C groups in terms of some water quality (p < 0.05). In general, BFT had an effect on haemocyte profile. At the histological examination, there were no pathological findings in both BFT and control groups. The growth parameters of speckled shrimps in BFT groups, as well as the whole body crude protein ratios and crude ash contents, were higher than the control group (p < 0.05). The results confirmed that biofloc utilization increased with decreasing feeding.     

Effects of different carbon sources and dietary protein levels in a biofloc system on growth performance,immune response against white spot syndrome virus infection and cathepsin L gene expression of Litopenaeus vannamei

A 5‐week study was performed to evaluate the effect of spoilage date extract (SDE) as the biofloc carbon source on Litopenaeus vannamei (5.4 ± 0.3 g) performance. The two levels of dietary protein (15% and 25% crude protein) and two carbohydrate sources (molasses‐M and SDE‐P) were tested including: M15, M25, P15 and P25. The minimum (0.2 ± 0.0 mg/L) and the maximum (0.5 ± 0.0 mg/L) of total ammonia nitrogen were observed in the P15 and M25 groups respectively. The highest protein efficiency ratio (6.1 ± 0.3) and protein productive value (112.3 ± 5.8%) were found in the P15 group (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found between biofloc treatments in the expression of cathepsin L gene in hepatopancreas (p > 0.05). The number of total haemocyte count (THC), semigranular cells (SGC) and granular cells (GC) of shrimp in SDE‐based biofloc treatments was relatively higher than those in molasses‐based biofloc treatments. Following the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) challenge, a significant decrease in THC, SGC, GC and hyaline cell values was observed in all treatments (p = 0.001). Plasma biochemical parameters were significantly influenced by dietary protein levels, biofloc carbon sources as well as WSSV challenge test. In conclusion, SDE successfully could be used as an alternative carbon source for establishing a biofloc system in L. vannamei production.     

柞蚕蛹血淋巴多酚氧化酶活性影响因素的研究

柞蚕血淋巴中多酚氧化酶活性的大小对柞蚕丝产量有一定影响,并对柞蚕蛹色起着非常重要的作用。本试验采用分光光度计法对柞蚕蛹血淋巴多酚氧化酶活性大小的影响因素进行了研究。结果表明:柞蚕蛹血淋巴多酚氧化酶的最适pH值为5.0;最适温度为25℃;少量的苯基硫脲对其的抑制作用较为明显;不同化合物对多酚氧化酶的活性影响不同,在相同浓度下,氯化钙和氯化镁对柞蚕蛹血淋巴多酚氧化酶的活性有促进作用,其他化合物(EDTA,维生素C和亚硫酸钠等)则表现为抑制作用。     

1H‐NMR metabolomic profiling of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus subjected to polyphenol‐enriched diets

¹H‐NMR analysis of the hepatopancreas, muscle and haemolymph of Astacus leptodactylus after feeding with polyphenol‐enriched diet is reported. ¹H‐NMR spectra of lipophilic extracts showed the presence of cholesterol, fatty acid residues, phospholipids and triglycerides. ¹H‐NMR spectra of aqueous extracts identified 35 metabolites in the hepatopancreas, 31 in the muscle and 22 in the haemolymph. A total of 20 metabolites (amino acids and their derivatives) were present in the hepatopancreas, the muscle and the haemolymph. A total of 10 metabolites were present in both the hepatopancreas and the muscle (five amino acids, 2‐hydroxybutyrate, choline, myo‐inositol, glycogen and uracil). 2‐Hydroxyisobutyrate and creatine were present in both the hepatopancreas and the haemolymph. Phosphorylethanolamine, phosphocholine and fumarate were present only in the hepatopancreas and isoleucine only in the muscle. Statistical analysis showed that the percentage of weight gain was statistically higher in polyphenol‐enriched diet groups compared to the control and that polyphenols had a stimulating effect on the general metabolism. No stress‐related metabolites were higher in crayfish fed with polyphenol‐enriched diet. Conversely, phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and DHA, linked to resistance to environmental stress and diseases, were higher compared to the control diet. This study indicates that ¹H‐NMR is a useful tool to study the metabolomics in relation to diet differences.     

油松毛虫幼虫抗菌物质及其抗菌活性研究

采用体内注射法,对油松毛虫Dendrolimus tabulaeformisTsaietLiu3龄幼虫注射浓度为1.0×108孢子/mL的大肠杆菌Escherichia coli菌悬液,诱导其产生抗菌物质,12h后收集制备血淋巴粗提液。分别测定对4种细菌和4种真菌的抗菌活性,并检测温度、pH值变化和反复冻融对抗菌活性的影响。采用Tricine-SDS-PAGE电泳法确定抗菌物质的分子量大小。结果发现,诱导后的油松毛虫3龄幼虫血淋巴粗提液对试验的细菌和真菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,其中对革兰氏阴性细菌大肠杆菌E.coli和变形杆菌Proteus species的抑制作用强于革兰氏阳性细菌金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus和枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis。血淋巴粗提液的的抗菌活性在50℃水浴处理和4~9的pH值条件下保持稳定,反复冻融1~5次抗菌物质的活性降低4.3%~14.9%。电泳结果显示,诱导组血淋巴粗提液在23.2kD和15.0kD处分别出现一条特异性条带,在60.4kD处蛋白带变浅。由此推测从油松毛虫幼虫体内诱导产生的抗菌物质分子量可能是23.2kD和15.0kD。     

昆虫中海藻糖代谢的研究进展

海藻糖是由2个葡萄糖分子组成的非还原性双糖,存在于大量生物如细菌、真菌、植物和昆虫等中。作为昆虫血液中的主要成分,海藻糖是由脂肪体中的海藻糖合成酶和海藻糖磷酸化酶合成的。海藻糖必须被海藻糖分解酶分解成葡萄糖才能用于糖酵解,以提供昆虫能量的需求。脂肪体的海藻糖合成是受激素调控的,而血液中海藻糖的主要来源是脂肪体中的糖原。昆虫的海藻糖分解酶已经得到了很好的研究,但是它的活性控制机制还不清楚。     

Protein markers of Marteilia sydneyi infection in Sydney rock oysters, Saccostrea glomerata

Marteilia sydneyi is the causative agent of QX disease in Sydney rock oyster, Saccostrea glomerata . It is responsible for disease outbreaks among oysters that occur during summer and can result in up to 95% mortality. QX disease has significantly decreased S. glomerata production in some areas of Australia's eastern seaboard over the past 30 years. Marteilia sydneyi sporulates in the digestive gland of oysters leading to complete disorganization of the infected tissues. The current study used proteomics to identify potential molecular markers of sporulating M. sydneyi infection during a field trial undertaken in the Georges River, Sydney, between December 2006 and May 2007. Early stages of M. sydneyi infection were detected by polymerase chain reaction, whilst cytological examination was used to identify sporulating M. sydneyi in the gut. Protein expression in oyster haemolymph was assessed during the M. sydneyi infection period by two dimensional electrophoresis. Proteome maps identified significant differences in the expression of four proteins in oysters with sporulating M. sydneyi infections.     

凡纳滨对虾Toll受体和溶菌酶mRNA组织表达的差异研究

采用荧光定量PCR技术,检测了凡纳滨对虾不同组织(血淋巴、鳃、肌肉和肝胰腺)中Toll受体和溶菌酶mRNA的相对表达量。结果表明:凡纳滨对虾Toll受体和溶菌酶mRNA在不同组织间的表达量存在显著差异。Toll受体mRNA在各组织中的相对表达水平由高到低顺序依次为血淋巴>鳃>肌肉>肝胰腺。溶菌酶mRNA表达水平则依次为血淋巴>鳃>肌肉>肝胰腺,但血淋巴和鳃之间无显著差异。溶菌酶mRNA和Toll mRNA表达量重复测定间的变异度在血淋巴和鳃组织间无显著差异。表明鳃和血淋巴是检测凡纳滨对虾Toll受体和溶菌酶mRNA的相对表达量的理想实验材料。研究亮点:Toll受体能够将异物入侵的信号从细胞外传递到细胞内并引起胞内信号级联反应产生各种免疫效益因子,因此其表达水平一定程度上可以反映对虾对病原入侵的灵敏性。溶菌酶活性是评判对虾免疫抗菌能力的重要指标。研究Toll受体和溶菌酶基因表达的组织差异性,可以为后续开展对虾营养免疫学研究中免疫相关基因检测时实验材料的选取提供理论基础。