Preslaughter electrical stunning of eels

The current procedures for slaughtering European eels (Anguilla anguilla) for food are very slow and cause suffering. Although there is little legislation for protecting the welfare of fish at slaughter, the legislation covering farmed mammals and birds at slaughter is well defined, requiring that these animals be rendered insensible immediately or without fear or pain prior to being killed. For many mammals and birds this can be achieved using an electrical stun, which is then followed by a procedure that actually kills them, such as exsanguination. This paper reports the investigation of the possibility of using electricity to stun eels, rendering them insensible to pain. Using 1 s duration alternating currents at 50 Hz applied directly across the head of the fish, it was shown that it was possible to stun the fish with currents of 0.1 A and above. Increasing the applied current increased the length of the period of the stun. When the duration of the application of the current was increased to 30 s it was found that the fish could be killed using currents between 0.50 A and 0.95 A. These results show that it is possible to use electricity to instantly stun eels and also to kill them by using longer duration currents. The use of preslaughter electrical stunning at slaughter could allow the welfare of these fish at slaughter to be improved greatly.     

The use of fyke nets as a quantitative capture technique for freshwater eels (Anguilla spp.) in rivers

Abstract  Fyke netting is a convenient and effective technique for capturing freshwater eels, and catch-per-unit-effort is usually assumed to be an index of eel abundance. The present study investigated the potential of depletion fishing using baited fyke nets to obtain population estimates of longfin eels Anguilla dieffenbachii Gray, in a river in the South Island of New Zealand. The probability of capture (capture efficiency) of a single night's fishing increased with increasing size of eel, and ranged from 0.2 to 0.9 for eels <400 mm, to 0.7–0.9 for eels ≥500 mm. The capture efficiency of baited vs unbaited nets was assessed in a small stream that was electric fished after netting trials were completed. Baited nets proved to be an effective method of assessing abundance of longfin eels (>400 mm) but not shortfins ( A. australis Richardson); capture efficiency of the population of longfins (the sum of fyke caught and electric fished eels) was 0.4 for a single night's fyke netting, increasing to 0.8 over four nights. Comparable efficiencies for shortfins were <0.1 and 0.3 respectively. Unbaited nets were markedly less efficient for both species.     

创伤弧菌FJ03-X2胞外产物对欧洲鳗鲡的致病性和免疫原性分析

以70%饱和硫酸铵盐析法制备鳗源创伤弧菌生物1型高致病菌株FJ03-X2的胞外产物(ECPs),攻毒试验表明,该ECPs对鳗鲡无致病力;SDS-PAGE分析表明,该ECPs由约36 ku为主的系列蛋白条带组成。制备ECPs的免疫刺激复合物(ISCOMs),以20μg/尾的剂量腹腔注射免疫规格为15~20 g/尾的欧洲鳗鲡,ELISA分析表明,21 d和28 d时的血清抗体效价约为1∶1 280,免疫印记显示,ECPs中分子量为36 ku以上的蛋白成份可被免疫欧洲鳗鲡血清所识别,是构成ECPs的主要免疫原;免疫保护试验表明,免疫欧洲鳗鲡显示出较高的免疫保护力。试验结果也显示出,单纯以ECPs等剂量腹腔注射免疫欧洲鳗鲡,不能激发欧洲鳗鲡产生较高滴度的血清抗体,免疫欧洲鳗鲡也未能产生有效的保护性免疫应答。     

日本鳗鲡及其僵鳗消化酶活性的比较研究

本试验旨在比较不同反应温度下日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonics)及其僵鳗消化酶活性的差异.试验选取正常生长的日本鳗鲡(126.4～140.2g/尾)以及生长缓慢的僵鳗(3.5～8.6 g/尾)各20尾,取肝胰脏、胃、肠,分别在5、15、25、30、35、40、45和55℃反应温度下测定肝胰脏、胃、肠中蛋白酶、...     

An outbreak of Shewanella putrefaciens group in wild eels Anguilla anguilla L. favoured by hypoxic aquatic environments

Microbiological analyses were conducted on wild eels from the L′Albufera Lake (Spain). A total of 174 individuals were collected in two surveys (i.e. year 2008 and autumn–winter 2014) among those caught by local fishermen into the lagoon. The prevalence of Shewanella putrefaciens group was 1.7% in 2008 and rose above 32% in 2014. It was due to an outbreak of shewanellosis that presented a morbidity rate of 64%. S. putrefaciens group strains were isolated as pure cultures from the sick eels that showed white ulcers surrounded by a reddish inflammation, damage of the mouth, extensive skin discoloration, exophthalmia, ascites and bad odour. The S. putrefaciens group was recovered from freshwater samples taken at the L′Albufera system, along autumn–winter 2015. Its counts significantly increased in freshwater parallel to hypoxia and temperature rising. Shewanellae strains were identified as S. putrefaciens and S. xiamenensis by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. These isolates recovered from sick eels or freshwater were virulent for European eel by IP challenge (LD₅₀ 10⁶ CFU g^?1 body weight). They also caused 30–38% cumulative mortality, in European eels challenged by a 2‐h bath (10⁷ CFU mL^?1). These results suggest that shewanellosis could be transmitted through water highlighting the fact that hypoxic conditions increase this bacterium levels in water.     

人工诱导花鳗鲡的精巢发育成熟及其精子的生物学特性

用肌肉注射HCG的处理方式（剂量为500U/㎏•体重,每周注射1次,注射时间为6周）诱导雄性花鳗鲡性腺发育成熟,成熟率达80.0%。对人工催熟花鳗鲡精子的生物学特性研究结果表明：花鳗鲡精子头部长径为3.81±0.69µm,短径为1.24±0.15µm;尾部长度为24.83±3.05µm;精液pH为7.3~7.5,精子密度为1.02×1010尾/ mL。精子的适宜盐度为15~20,其中盐度为15时,精子激活比率最高,快速运动时间以及精子的寿命最长。精子的pH适宜范围为6.0~8.0,pH值过高或过低都会影响精子的活力与寿命。另外,4 种金属离子(Mg2+、Ca2+、Na+和K+)对花鳗鲡精子活力与寿命的影响趋势基本一致,金属离子浓度过高或过低都会抑制精子的活力、缩短快速运动时间和寿命。而MgCl2、CaCl2、KCl、NaCl溶液浓度为0.4~0.6g/mL时,精子活力最好,最高激活比率为3级（41.0%~60.0%）。     

Heterosporis anguillarum infections in farm cultured eels (Anguilla japonica) in Korea

Ten eels (Anguilla japonica) from a fish farm in Korea were examined and diagnosed with a Heterosporis infection. The gross lesions on the trunk were uneven and the concave parts were pasty. Histopathologically, lyses of the trunk muscles, degenerative muscle fibers and the scattered spores were observed. The sporophorocyst (SPC) contained several spores with a variety of shapes. Some SPC were disrupted and the spores in the SPC were scattered in the muscle tissues. Macrophages existed near the scattered spores. Electron microscopy revealed special structures such as sporophorocyst containing various developmental parasitic stages such as meronts, sporonts, sporophorous vesicles and spores.     

5种中药和28种抗生素对养殖鳗鲡致病菌的抑制作用

采用琼脂稀释法和纸片扩散法分别测定了5种中药（五倍子、虎杖、黄芩、大黄、石榴皮）和28种抗生素对养殖病鳗中分离到的5株病原菌（创伤弧菌、嗜水气单胞菌和迟钝爱德华氏菌）的体外抑菌作用。结果表明,5种中药对5株致病菌均具有较好的抑菌效果,MIC范围为0.125-1.500 mg/mL,平均抑菌作用依次为五倍子〉虎杖〉黄芩〉大黄〉石榴皮,其中五倍子抑菌作用最强,平均MIC为0.200 mg/mL。28种抗生素药物敏感试验结果表明,5株致病菌均对利福平、链霉素、庆大霉素、哌拉西林、青霉素G、强力霉素、头孢曲松、头孢克洛、头孢噻吩、头孢唑啉10种抗生素药物敏感,对奥格门丁、阿奇霉素耐药。     

枯草芽孢杆菌对菲律宾鳗鲡肌肉营养的影响

研究枯草芽孢杆菌对菲律宾鳗鲡肌肉营养价值的影响。以不同枯草芽孢杆菌含量饲料饲养菲律宾鳗鲡为对象,对其肌肉一般营养成分、氨基酸营养、脂肪酸营养进行分析比较。结果表明:枯草芽孢杆菌对菲律宾鳗鲡肌肉水分、蛋白质、粗脂肪含量无显著影响(P0.05)。菲律宾鳗鲡属氨基酸组成均衡性较好(SRC80,∑EAA/∑NEAA60%)的优质水产品,富含Glu、Arg、Asp等有助于术后病人康复的氨基酸。Lys含量较为富余,适当摄入可平衡谷物中Lys短缺。枯草芽孢杆菌添加对其氨基酸组成无显著性影响(P0.05)。菲律宾鳗鲡肌肉脂肪酸主要组成种类不少于11种,其中饱和脂肪酸3种、单不饱和脂肪酸4种、多不饱和脂肪酸4种,不饱和脂肪酸相对含量均较高,富含多不饱和脂肪酸(二十碳四烯酸、EPA、DHA)。枯草芽孢杆菌添加可显著提高菲律宾鳗鲡肌肉中单不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸含量(P0.05)。