Establishment of macro-aggregates and organic matter turnover by microbial communities in long-term incubated artificial soils

The study of interactions between minerals, organic matter (OM) and microorganisms is essential for the understanding of soil functions such as OM turnover. Here, we present an interdisciplinary approach using artificial soils to study the establishment of the microbial community and the formation of macro-aggregates as a function of the mineral composition by using artificial soils. The defined composition of a model system enables to directly relate the development of microbial communities and soil structure to the presence of specific constituents. Five different artificial soil compositions were produced with two types of clay minerals (illite, montmorillonite), metal oxides (ferrihydrite, boehmite) and charcoal incubated with sterile manure and a microbial community derived from a natural soil. We used the artificial soils to analyse the response of these model soil systems to additional sterile manure supply (after 562 days). The artificial soils were subjected to a prolonged incubation period of more than two years (842 days) in order to take temporally dynamic processes into account. In our model systems with varying mineralogy, we expected a changing microbial community composition and an effect on macro-aggregation after OM addition, as the input of fresh substrate will re-activate the artificial soils. The abundance and structure of 16S rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) fragments amplified from total community DNA were studied by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), respectively. The formation of macro-aggregates (>2 mm), the total organic carbon (OC) and nitrogen (N) contents, the OC and N contents in particle size fractions and the CO₂ respiration were determined. The second manure input resulted in higher CO₂ respiration rates, 16S rRNA gene and ITS copy numbers, indicating a stronger response of the microbial community in the matured soil-like system. The type of clay minerals was identified as the most important factor determining the composition of the bacterial communities established. The additional OM and longer incubation time led to a re-formation of macro-aggregates which was significantly higher when montmorillonite was present. Thus, the type of clay mineral was decisive for both microbial community composition as well as macro-aggregation, whereas the addition of other components had a minor effect. Even though different bacterial communities were established depending on the artificial soil composition, the amount and quality of the OM did not show significant differences supporting the concept of functional redundancy.     

Design of wood/montmorillonite (MMT) intercalation nanocomposite

Studying new wood composites through nano science and technology (NSC) will develop new compounding theory of wood, and accelerate the combination of new technology, wood science, material science and other disciplines. The compounding of wood and inorganic MMT on nanoscale molecular level has high potential to greatly improve the mechanical properties, fire retardance, abrasion resistance, decay resistance, dimensional stability and other properties of wood. Based on the great achievements of polymer/montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposites, this paper reviewed nano intercalation compounding methods (i.e. in-situ intercalative polymerization and direct polymer intercalation), and discussed the structure, properties and modification of montmorillonite (MMT). According to the main chemical components and particular structure of wood, the authors discussed the liquefaction and plasticization of wood, compared the dissolvability and meltability between wood and polymer, and then systematically put forward the basic idea, technological processes and schematic diagram to prepare wood/MMT nanocomposites (WMNC). The key technology to prepare WMNC is either to introduce delaminated MMT nanolayers into wood with the help of some intermediate polymers, or to obtain liquefied wood or plasticized wood from the complicated natural composite. It is applicable and effective to realize wood/MMT nanoscale compounding with the help of proper intercalation agent and medium polymer through the proposed “one-step” or “two-step” impregnating processes.     

Esparto wool as reinforcement in hybrid polyurethane composite foams

In the present work polyurethane foams containing variable concentrations of nano-sized clay and esparto wool were prepared and studied, with the objective of developing new multi-scalar rigid foams. The addition of montmorillonite clay favoured foaming and the formation of finer and homogeneous cellular structures, resulting in foams with compressive elastic moduli and collapse stresses lower than that of the polyurethane foams. Nevertheless, a comparative analysis versus the foams’ relative density demonstrated that both properties follow one single trend for the two materials. The combination of esparto and montmorillonite further reduced the cell size of foams, at the same time promoting higher open cell contents, resulting in the foams with the lowest mechanical properties. Although no important differences in thermal conductivity were found with adding montmorillonite, its value decreasing with reducing the relative density, the incorporation of esparto led to higher thermal conductivities, independently of the relative density. The combination of esparto and montmorillonite resulted in foams with thermal conductivities halfway between the esparto-reinforced and the montmorillonite-reinforced foams, related to a higher open cell content.     

蒙脱石散治疗肿瘤放化疗引起口腔黏膜炎71例临床分析

目的观察蒙脱石散治疗肿瘤放化疗引起口腔黏膜炎的效果．方法口腔黏膜炎患者71例,随机分为2组,1组为治疗组38例,用蒙脱石散治疗;另1组为对照组33例,用西瓜霜喷剂治疗．对其治疗效果进行比较．结果蒙脱石治疗组显效20例,有效10例,无效8例,总有效率78．9％;西瓜霜喷剂治疗组显效8例,有效10例,无效15例,总有效率54．5％．经统计学分析,蒙脱石组与西瓜霜喷剂组比较,X^2=4．802,P〈0．05,差异具有统计学意义．蒙脱石组疗效明显优于西瓜霜喷剂组,获得满意的效果．结论蒙脱石能迅速覆盖溃疡创面,明显减轻疼痛,促进溃疡愈合,见效快,疗效高,安全、无毒,值得临床推广应用．     

在不同浸出条件下铅离子污染土的固化试验研究

利用水泥来固化/稳定污染土中的重金属离子是一种常用的处置方法。着重讨论了添加蒙脱土后的复合固化剂对铅离子的固化效果。设计了不同蒙脱土和水泥掺量的12组固化剂,通过污染土制备、压实成型、强度测试和溶出试验4个步骤来获得试验数据。其中在溶出试验过程中,设定了4种不同的溶出条件以进行对比分析。结果表明:即使已经远远满足TCLP条件的固化产物,但在更加恶劣的试验条件下,浸出液的浓度非常高,远远达不到标准,所以在固化应用于实际工程时,根据条件不同,要考虑到更加恶劣的条件。     

蒙脱土对重金属离子吸附的研究进展

简要介绍了目前国内采用蒙脱土吸附处理废水中重金属离子的研究状况,探讨了pH值、温度、吸附时间、溶液初始浓度、有机物质和改性等因素对蒙脱土吸附重金属离子的影响,最后展望了蒙脱土吸附重金属离子的发展趋势和应用前景。     

蒙脱石对水相中沼泽红假单胞菌的吸附研究

通过测定吸附条件对吸附率及吸附菌量的影响，研究了蒙脱石对水相中沼泽红假单胞菌（Rhodopseudomonas palustris）的吸附特性。结果表明，当蒙脱石重量为0．5g时，吸附菌量和吸附百分率均达到较恒定的状态，且受到菌液起始浓度和体积的影响。不同pH条件下，蒙脱石对菌的吸附率随着pH值的升高而逐渐降低，当pH=9时，有效吸附率为72．67％。蒙脱石对菌的吸附率与离子强度成反比。不同温度条件下，蒙脱石对菌的吸附率呈现出先升高、后降低的趋势，温度30℃时吸附率最高，为86．55％。表明蒙脱石对水相中菌的吸附不仅依赖于生物体的化学属性和表面属性，也受到环境温度等条件的影响。     

Comparison of the adsorption of maize root mucilage and polygalacturonic acid on montmorillonite homoionic to divalent lead and cadmium

Summary Root mucilage material (RM) was isolated from maize plants grown in the field, and its affinity to montmorillonite (M) homoionic to Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ was compared with that of a commercial polygalacturonic acid (PGA). Adsorption isotherms of the commercial and natural materials on the two clay systems were compared in unbuffered systems at pH 3 and pH 6. Adsorption of PGA occurred only at pH 3, and was higher on M-Pb than on M-Cd. In contrast, the adsorption of RM was higher on M-Cd than on M-Pb. Total amounts of RM adsorbed at pH 3 were about 3 times lower on M-Cd and 20 times lower on M-Pb than the respective amounts of PGA adsorbed at the same pH. Polygalacturonic acid had a high content of relatively well dissociated (pKa = 3.5) carboxylic groups, and adsorbed on the clay surface at pH values lower than its pKa. At pH 6, the dissociation of the acid groups favoured its solubility, and the metal cations were then probably displaced by ion exchange. The lower affinity of RM to the clay materials was related to its average molecular weight, which was lower than that of PGA, and to its water solubility, which was higher than that of PGA. The low pH dependence of the adsorption of RM was related to its lower carboxylic acidity and higher content in hydroxyl and amino groups.     

基于Gouy-Chapman理论估算碱金属离子在Cu2+-蒙脱石表面Hofmeister能

Hofmeister效应在离子交换吸附过程中具有重要的科学意义。本研究基于Gouy-Chapman理论研究三种碱金属阳离子（Na+、K+、Cs+）在Cu2+-蒙脱石饱和样表面吸附过程的Hofmeister效应,进一步计算了离子-表面Hofmeister能以及表观电荷系数。研究发现：（1）Na+ 、K+ 、Cs+在Cu2+-蒙脱石表面的吸附均表现为弱静电力作用下的一级动力学过程, 平均吸附速率以及平衡吸附量均表现出明显的Hofmeister效应,呈现出Na+ < K+ < Cs+的趋势;（2）Hofmeister能随着电解质浓度的降低而增加,在Cs+-粘土矿物相互作用中,Hofmeister能为主要贡献者,在K+/Na+-粘土矿物相互作用,经典库伦能中为主要贡献者;（3）非经典极化作用显著增大了离子的表观电荷系数,Na+、K+、Cs+的表观电荷系数分别从标准的+1值增加为+1.14、+1.76和+2.78。本研究明确了Hofmeister效应主要来源于离子的非经典极化作用引起的离子与表面相互作用能的差异,为阐明土壤这一特殊体系的界面反应机制提供了新的思路。     

蒙脱石的功能及其在畜禽养殖中的应用

蒙脱石(MMT)是一种硅铝酸盐矿物质,具有吸附细菌、重金属以及毒素、保护消化道黏膜等作用,改性蒙脱石还具有抑菌、杀菌作用。MMT在防治仔猪腹泻、饲料脱霉等方面应用广泛。本文就MMT的功能以及在畜禽养殖中的应用做一综述。