十种农药防治光肩星天牛的药效分析

十种农药防治光肩星天牛的药效分析＊梁成杰李国宏李广武高瑞桐关键词光肩星天牛快杀敌功夫灭扫利来福灵久效磷农药防治药效分析光肩星天牛（ＡｎｏｐｌｏｐｈｏｒａｇｌａｂｒｉｐｅｎｎｉｓＭｏｔｓｃｈ．）是一种危害多种杨树（Ｐｏｐｕｌｕｓｓｐｐ．）的严重蛀干害虫...     

共振散射法快速测定甘蔗中久效磷残留

在酸性溶液中,久效磷和钨酸钠作用形成杂多酸,该杂多酸与碱性三苯甲烷染料罗丹明B（RhB）结合,形成缔合物粒子,导致体系在λex/λem=614 nm/614 nm产生强烈的散射。本研究利用杂多酸体系共振散射法建立了快速测定久效磷残留的新方法。结果表明,久效磷浓度在0.62～200 nmol/L范围内,体系散射强度与久效磷含量有良好的线性关系（r=0.9988）,检出限为0.079 nmol/L,加标回收率为92.9%～108.0%。与气相色谱法对照,新建方法灵敏、快速,可用于甘蔗中久效磷残留的快速测定。     

华北和新疆棉铃虫对三类农药抗性发展趋势分析

1996－1999年监测了河北冀州,河南西华,山东高密和新疆库尔勒棉铃虫对氯氟氰菊酯,久效磷和灭多威的抗性动态变化,结果表明,新疆棉铃虫抗性水平变化很少,尚处于敏感状态或低抗水平,而华北棉铃虫已处于中到高抗水平,不同年份比较,对氯氟氰菊酯,冀州棉铃虫抗性呈下降趋势,而西华和高密棉铃虫在1996－1998年呈上升趋势,但自1998年起华北地区大量种植Bt棉,使得1999年棉铃虫抗性有所下降,对久效磷和灭多威,华北各地棉铃虫的抗性在1996－1999年均呈上升趋势。棉铃虫抗性个体频率变化趋势与上述结果基本一致。     

久效磷对叉鞭金藻的毒性

在有机磷农药－久效磷的胁迫下,饵料单胞藻－叉鞭金藻的生长和繁殖严重地受到了抑制。随着胁迫时间的延长,藻细胞的过氧化物酶活性降低,活性氧在细胞内大量积累,膜脂过氧化产物－丙二醛的含量和电解质外渗率同步增加。而在胁迫的束个过程中,藻细胞的超氧化物歧化酶活性呈无规则的变化。     

山西省棉蚜对常用五种农药抗药性普查与监测研究

应用微量毛细管点滴法，对山西省３个棉区棉蚜进行了抗药性普查和监测研究。结果表明，对氰戊菊酯、氧化乐果、久效磷、呋喃丹和灭多威，临猗县棉蚜抗药性分别属于极高等水平、低等水平、敏感水平、中等水平和低等水平；襄汾县棉蚜除对氰戊菊酯的抗性处于高－极高等水平外，对其他４种农药的抗性与临猗县棉蚜相同；平遥县棉蚜除对氰戊菊酯和灭多威抗性分别处于中－高等水平和低等水平外，对其他３种农药均处于敏感水平。山西省棉蚜抗药性在近１０年中均有增长，尤其对氰戊菊酯的抗性增加很快。目前南部棉区棉蚜抗药性水平大于中部棉区棉蚜抗药性水平，这与南部棉区用药水平高有直接的关系。     

朱砂叶螨对久效磷抗性的遗传分析

采自棉田的朱砂叶螨（Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval）种群使用80-267（×10#+[-6]）的久效磷7次筛选后,抗性水平由42.34上升到161.49倍。以其作为抗性品系（R）,通过和感性品系的杂交和回交研究了朱砂叶螨抗久效磷的遗传方式。正交和反交F#-1代（SR和RS）的lg(LC)-P方程介于S与R之间偏向R方,显性系数D#-（SR）和D#-（RS）分别为0.5634和0.5610,表明抗性是由不完全显性基因控制。F#-1杂合子与亲本的回交表明其后代F#-2（SR×S♂和RS×R♂）的分离符合孟德尔单基因遗传模型。本试验还测定了抗久效磷朱砂叶螨品系对15种常用杀螨剂的敏感性,结果显示敌敌畏、功夫菊脂和甲氰菊酯对其有较强的毒力。1991-1992年监测了河南棉田朱砂叶螨对久效磷的抗性水平,结果表明抗性倍数位于13.03-45.44之间,抗性处于突增阶段。     

Oxidative stress and locomotor behaviour response as biomarkers for assessing recovery status of mosquito fish, Gambusia affinis after lethal effect of an organophosphate pesticide, monocrotophos

Recovery study was performed at regular intervals to establish the time course of 50% and 100% recovery in neurotransmitter enzyme (acetylcholinesterase, AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) and locomotor behaviour response of mosquito fish, Gambusia affinis exposed to lethal concentration (20.49 mg L⁻¹) of an organophosphorous pesticide, monocrotophos (MCP) for 96 h. In vitro AChE activity studies indicated that MCP could cause 50% inhibition (I₅₀) at 10.2 × 10⁻⁵ M. A positive correlation was observed between brain AChE activity and swimming speed during the recovery study. Also, the recovery response of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) as well as lipid peroxidation (LPO) as biomarkers of oxidative stress were assessed in viscera of G. affinis. The results showed that the MCP besides its inhibitory effect on target enzyme AChE activity and induction in antioxidant enzyme activities as a characteristic of oxidative stress, which can be used as biomarkers in the pesticide contaminated aquatic streams.     

Interactive effect of monocrotophos and ammonium chloride on the freshwater fish Oreochromis mossambicus with reference to lactate/pyruvate ratio

Sublethal effect of monocrotophos (pesticide) and ammonium chloride (fertilizer) was studied in the freshwater fish Oreochromis mossambicus, with reference to carbohydrate metabolism for a period of 96 h. The glycogen content was analysed in liver and muscle, while the lactate and pyruvate were assessed in blood along with liver and muscle. The results revealed that the glycogen content was found to be decreasing. In contrast increase in the tissues lactate and pyruvate level was found in the fishes exposed to pesticide and fertilizer individually and in combinations. The combined effects of these chemicals were more toxic to carbohydrate metabolism than the effect produced by the individual chemicals. The results were tested to search for statistical significance. The calculated lactate and pyruvate ratio (L/P) indicated that the fishes were under chemical stress.     

Monocrotophos augments the early alterations in lipid profile and organ toxicity associated with experimental diabetes in rats

The present study was undertaken to investigate the potential of monocrotophos (MCP), a widely used organophosphorus insecticide, to induce hyperglycemia and its interactive ability to accentuate the early diabetic outcomes and associated complications in experimentally rendered diabetic rats. Rats were rendered diabetic with an acute dose (60 mg/kg b.w, i.p) of streptozotocin. MCP was orally administered at a sublethal dose (1/20 LD_50, 0.9 mg /kg b.w./d, 5 days) to both normal and diabetic rats. While MCP per se moderately increased (by 25%) the blood glucose levels in normal rats, it significantly aggravated the hyperglycemic outcome in diabetic rats (56% above diabetic rats). Further, experimentally-induced diabetes was associated with only a marginal increase in total and HDL-cholesterol levels, while serum triglyceride levels were significantly enhanced. Although MCP per se did not affect these parameters, it caused a marked increase in triglyceride levels in serum of diabetic rats (54% above diabetic control). Furthermore, MCP-induced higher activity levels of serum transaminases viz., ALT and AST (51% and 71% higher as compared to diabetic control) suggestive of enhanced hepatic damage. Collectively, our findings provide evidence that MCP on repeated exposure has the propensity to augment the secondary complications associated with diabetes in a rat model.     

久效磷对中国对虾细胞超微结构的影响：Ⅱ.对肠的毒性效应

１９９４年７－１０月，作者取青岛市水产局养殖公司的平均体长１０．３ｃｍ的中国对虾，在实验室内用０．１０ｍｇ／Ｌ久效磷海水溶液处理，分别在处理４８ｈ、９６ｈ时取尚存活对虾的中肠组织样品，用常规方法固定和制样，利用透射电子显微镜对中国对虾中肠细胞的眼微进行观察。