矿化度对微润灌土壤入渗特性的影响

采用室内土箱模拟试验的方式,研究了5种矿化度条件下微润灌土壤水分的入渗特性。试验结果表明:矿化度对湿润体形状影响小,微润灌湿润体横剖面呈近似圆形;矿化度对湿润体体积影响较大,矿化水湿润体体积大于清水的湿润体体积。当矿化度为3 g/L时,微润灌湿润体湿润锋运移速率最大,湿润锋运移速率与时间呈幂函数关系。矿化水可增加微润灌的累计入渗量,但累计入渗量与矿化度之间不是单调关系,当矿化度为3 g/L时,累计入渗量达到最大,土壤平均含水率也最大。     

Loss of low molecular weight dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) in H2O and 0.5 M K2SO4 soil extracts

Soil extracts are routinely used to quantify dissolved organic nutrient concentrations in soil. Here we studied the loss and transformation of low molecular weight (LMW) components of DOC (¹⁴C-glucose, 1 and 100 μM) and DON (¹⁴C-amino acid mixture, 1 and 100 μM) during extraction of soil (0-6 h) with either distilled water or 0.5 M K₂SO₄. The extractions were performed at 20 °C, at 4 °C, or in the presence of an inhibitor of microbial activity (HgCl₂ and Na-azide). We showed that both glucose and amino acids became progressively lost from solution with increasing shaking time. The greatest loss was observed in H₂O extracts at 1 μM for both substances (>90% loss after 15 min). Lower temperature (4 °C) and presence of K₂SO₄ both resulted in reduced loss rates. The presence of microbial inhibitors effectively eliminated the loss of glucose and amino acids. We conclude that microbial transformation of LMW-DOC and DON during H₂O or K₂SO₄ extraction of soil may affect the estimation of their concentrations in soil. This finding has significant implications for methods that rely on chemical extractions to estimate LMW-C components of DOC and DON.     

Relations Between Net Nitrogen Mineralization and Soil Characteristics Within an Arable Field

Within-field variations in plant-available soil nitrogen (N) are likely to be affected by differences in soil characteristics. To study this, a 3- year field investigation was conducted during 1998-2000 on a 15 ha arable field in Sweden with considerable within-field soil texture variability. In 34 plots soil N uptake by crops, net nitrogen mineralization (Nm) during the growing season and soil mineral N in spring and shortly after harvest were determined. Beside these parameters, topography, soil organic matter content (SOM), clay content, pH(H 2 O) and grain yield were recorded. The variations in Nm were considerably large both within the field and between years. The within-field variation in Nm could partly be explained by the variation in SOM and clay content (adjusted coefficient of determination = 0.23, P <0.001). The pattern in Nm differed between years, partly because of seasonal variations in soil moisture. For these reasons, the pattern of Nm is difficult to predict without seasonal adjustments.     

Nitrogen mineralization in sandy loam soils under an intensive double-cropping forage system with dairy-cattle slurry applications

Nitrogen (N) mineralization and soil mineral N contents were measured at 2-week intervals over a 2-year period (June 1994–May 1996) on two different sites in the North West region of Portugal. The experiment was established in fields, which had for many years been under a double-cropping forage system with maize from May to September and a winter crop (mixture of cereals and Italian ryegrass) during the rest of the year. In addition to N fertilizers, dairy-cattle slurry was applied regularly at the sowing of each crop. On this intensive forage system, quantification of N released from slurry, crop residues and soil organic matter becomes important when better N use efficiency and reduced environmental impact from agricultural practices are required. Net N mineralization rates of the 0–10 cm soil layer fluctuated considerably between consecutive incubation periods and ranged from −0.88 to 1.87 mg N kg⁻¹ day⁻¹ with annual average rates of between 0.41 and 0.65 mg N kg⁻¹ day⁻¹. The total N mineralized in the 10 cm depth soil layer reached values between 122 and 224 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, showing that mineralization was a very important N source for the crops. The amounts of N released during the cold season (November–February) were equivalent to 27–48% of the yearly total. Regression analysis indicated that seasonal variation in N mineralization was only poorly explained by soil moisture and temperature. The changing balance during the year between soil moisture and temperature will contribute to the relatively constant N mineralization rates. Soil mineral N contents during the maize crop were high and exceeded the nutrient requirements for the optimum yield of this crop. Under the climatic conditions of the region and due to the poor development of the winter crop plants at the time, the mineral N left in the soil after the maize crop and released by mineralization during the cold season is particularly vulnerable to nitrate leaching losses.     

土壤氮素矿化研究进展

本文总结了有机氮矿化方面的研究成果,对土壤有机氮矿化不同数学模式进行了归纳和分类,分析了模型的适用条件,提出了今后研究的思路。     

绿肥中养分释放规律及对烟叶品质的影响

在田间条件下利用埋设玻璃滤纸包法研究了绿肥翻压后的分解规律及其翻压绿肥对烟叶品质的影响。结果表明，经过13周的分解，苜蓿中有机C的矿化率高达81％，N素矿化率为54％；黑麦草有机C的矿化率为63％，N素矿化率为22％。这些矿化N中约92％的N（苜蓿）和74％的N（黑麦草）是在翻压后的前6周释放的。在烟株的整个生长期内，由苜蓿释放的N素约为N43奴hm^-2，为了防止后期N素供应过多而导致上部烟叶烟碱含量过高，苜蓿宜提前翻压并从总N肥施用量中扣除由苜蓿矿化出的N。黑麦草因N素含量低和N素矿化量少，整个生长季中约释放了N10．5kghm^-2的N素，所以在黑麦草生长量不大的情况下，可将黑麦草全部翻压并忽略其释放的N素。 在没有减少化肥施用量的情况下，翻压苜蓿提高了上部烟叶中烟碱含量，降低了总糖和还原糖含量。而翻压黑麦草对烟叶中烟碱含量有所降低，总糖和还原糖含量适中，因而烟叶的品质得到了改善。     

Phosphatase activity does not limit the microbial use of low molecular weight organic-P substrates in soil

Plant roots and soil microorganisms contain significant quantities of low molecular weight (MW) phosphorylated nucleosides and sugars. Consequently, upon death these can represent a significant input of organic-P to the soil. Some of these organic-P substrates must first be dephosphorylated by phosphatases before being assimilated by the soil microbial community while others can be taken up directly from soil solution. To determine whether sorption or phosphatase activity was limiting the bioavailability of low MW organic-P in soil we compared the microbial uptake and C mineralization of a range of ¹⁴C-labeled organic-P substrates [glucose-6-phosphate, adenosine monophosphate (AMP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)] to that of the parent compounds (adenosine and glucose). In a fertile grassland soil we showed that at low organic-P substrate concentrations (<0.5 mM) phosphatase activity did not limit microbial uptake or mineralization in comparison to their non-phosphorylated counterparts. However, at high substrate concentrations (1-10 mM) the mineralization of the organic-P compounds was significantly lower than that of the non-phosphorylated compounds suggesting that phosphatase activity or microbial transporter capacity limited bioavailability. Sorption to the solid phase followed the series glucose<adenosine<G-6-P<AMP<ADP=ATP. However, sorption of the organic-P compounds to the solid phase did not appear to greatly affect bioavailability. The high adenosine mineralization capacity of the microbial biomass suggests that nucleosides may represent a significant source of C and N to the soil microbial biomass. We conclude that at low organic-P substrate concentrations typical of those in soil, neither phosphatase activity nor sorption greatly limits their bioavailability.     

菜地土壤氮素矿化和硝化作用的特征

采用培养试验对南京郊区 6 对菜地土和水稻土的土壤 N 素矿化和硝化作用特征进行了研究。菜地土为相同类型水稻土改种蔬菜约 20 年的土壤。结果表明,培养 28 天期间,6 对供试土壤中有 4 对土壤都是菜地土壤矿化 N 量低于相同类型水稻土,其日矿化速率也低于相应的水稻土,而其他 2 对供试土壤之间无明显差异。大多数菜地土的土壤硝化率低于相应的水稻土。培养28 天时的矿化率和硝化率与土壤 pH、速效 P 呈显著相关。     

土壤有机硫矿化动力学特征及影响因素

利用开放培养系统，分别在20℃和30℃，好气和淹水条件下研究了四种土壤（黑土、褐土、黄棕壤和红壤）有机硫矿化特征。结果表明，30℃条件下土壤有机硫累积矿化量显著高于20℃下的矿化量（P＜0．01）。20℃和30℃好气条件下累积矿化量分别为17．53－24．35mg kg^-1和34．20－54．33mg kg^-1，分别占有机硫总量的2．5％－6．5％和5．－14．5％，20℃和30℃淹水条件下累积矿化量分别为18．14－21．15mg kg^-1和26．86－30．63mg kg^-1，分别占有机硫总量的2．6％－5．6％和4．0％－7．7％。好气和淹水下30℃与20℃的有机硫累积矿化量之比分别为1．85－2．23和1．28－1．71。用一级动力学方程和双倒数方程计算土壤有机硫矿化势（S0）表明，20℃好气培养时S0分别为17．82－24．88mg kg^-1和17．83－27．7mg kg^-1，S0分别为17．50－21．49mg kg^-1和19．19－22．50mg kg^-1,30℃淹水条件下S0分别为28．26－35．87mg kg^-1和26．59－34．25mg kg^-1。土壤有机硫矿化速率常数（K）和矿化量达50％矿化势（S0）所需的时间（K1）受不同土壤和培养温度的影响，都可用一级动力学方程和双倒数方程来评价。碳键硫对有机硫矿化的贡献较大，尤其在淹水条件下更明显。     

Nitrogen mineralization from eucalyptus yardwaste mulch applied to young avocado trees

Consistent use of mulches over several years can provide significant N to avocado. Study of a 3-year-old Ventura, California, avocado orchard mulched annually for 3 years with 12–14 Mg ha^–1 chipped eucalyptus showed that total N in the mulched soil was double that of the control. Mulched intact soil cores released 53 kg ha^–1 more N annually than control treatments. A litterbag study showed that net mineralization of the applied mulch commenced approximately 8.5 months following application. Mulched soils tended to be warmer and moister than control soils and temperatures varied less. Laboratory incubations of mulch and soil layers showed that net mineralization rates (mg kg^–1 day^–1) were greatest in the lowest decomposed mulch layer, but that more N mineralized overall (g m²) in the soil due to its greater density.