绿色农药氯氰菊酯微乳剂配方原料筛选

[目的]优化绿色农药氯氰菊酯微乳剂配方。[方法]采用乳化水加油法配制氯氰菊酯微乳剂,通过溶解性试验、紫外-可见分光光度法、浊点测定法以及外观、热贮稳定性、冷藏稳定性试验对溶剂、表面活性剂以及助表面活性剂进行了筛选。[结果]2-丁酮、正丁酸乙酯对氯氰菊酯原药的溶解效果最理想,最佳比例为：2-丁酮∶氯氰菊酯=3∶1;正丁酸乙酯∶氯氰菊酯=3∶1。可进行进一步复配试验的表面活性剂有TX-100、CTAB、葡萄糖酯和SDBS。增溶效果最好的助表面活性剂是正丁醇。[结论]为开发水基型、生物相容性良好的氯氰菊酯微乳剂提供了参考。     

草鱼体内氯氰菊酯残留GC-ECD测定

运用GC-ECD法测定草鱼肌肉组织中氯氰菊酯农药的残留量。采用内标法,对草鱼体内农药残留采用石油醚提取,提取溶液干净,通过弗罗里硅土层析柱净化,GC-ECD测定。结果表明：草鱼肌肉组织中氯氰菊酯的添加回收率为98.32%-101.57%;RSD为2.3～3.1;最小检出限为0.001mg/kg。此方法具有选择性强,操作简单,分离效果好,回收率和灵敏度高等特点。     

混合微生物对茶树叶片中氯氰菊酯的降解特性研究

[目的]研究混合微生物对茶树叶片中氯氰菊酯的最佳降解条件。[方法]以茶树叶片中的氯氰菊酯为靶标,以对该污染物具有较好降解效果的混合微生物为降解菌源,研究菌体水浴温度、喷洒时间、菌液浓度、作用时间对氯氰菊酯降解率的影响。[结果]菌体水浴温度为30℃时作用效果最好,氯氰菊酯降解率可达78％;菌液喷洒时间为17：00左右时,氯氰菊酯降解率最高;菌液OD600=0．8时,氯氰菊酯降解率可达73％以上;喷洒菌液3、5、7d后,氯氰菊酯的降解率分别为55％、78％和90％。[结论]混合微生物降解氯氰菊酯的最优条件为：菌体水浴温度30qC,喷洒时间下午5：00,菌体浓度DD600=0．8。     

气相色谱法同时检测青菜中毒死蜱和氯氰菊酯残留量的方法研究

为更准确、简便地检测青菜中毒死蜱与氯氰菊酯残留,采用气相色谱-微池电子捕获检测器法(GC-μECD),建立了同时测定青菜中这2种农药残留量的分析方法。样品采用乙腈超声提取,过弗罗里硅土固相萃取柱净化,用丙酮/正己烷（1：9,V/V）淋洗,淋洗液水浴蒸发近干后以正己烷定容,应用HP-5毛细管柱程序升温分离,微池电子捕获检测器测定,外标法定量。毒死蜱和氯氰菊酯的线性范围分别为0.005~5mg/L和0.01~5 mg/L,相关系数（r）均大于0.99,添加浓度在0.1~1mg/kg时,平均回收率为84.2%～116.9%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为2.4%~12.7%,检出限分别为0.0002mg/kg和0.003 mg/kg。该方法简便、快速、灵敏,准确度及精密度均满足农药多残留检测的要求,适用于青菜中毒死蜱和氯氰菊酯残留量的检测分析。     

家蚕经菊酯类农药诱导后脂肪体蛋白的表达谱及烯醇酶基因的组织转录活性

为了从蛋白质水平探讨家蚕对菊酯类农药的抗性机制,采用双向电泳结合基质辅助质量飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)技术,分析家蚕5龄幼虫经氯氰菊酯诱导前后脂肪体蛋白的表达特征。采用ImageMaster6.0软件分析表明,对照组共检测到432个蛋白点,诱导实验组检测到369个蛋白点,其中能匹配的蛋白点有342对,匹配率为76.68%。对特征蛋白进行MALDI-TOF-MS分析鉴定的蛋白包括烯醇酶、线粒体醛脱氢酶、伴侣素、肌动蛋白、gag-like蛋白。烯醇酶(enolase)是糖酵解过程中极为重要的酶类。采用半定量RT-PCR对经氯氰菊酯诱导后的家蚕脑、中肠、丝腺、脂肪体、精巢、马氏管、血液等7个组织器官的烯醇酶基因进行表达分析,结果表明,烯醇酶基因转录水平在7个组织器官中都呈现下调趋势,分别下调了13.79%、10.71%、22.48%、7.40%、27.00%、11.50%、14.52%,其中脂肪体的烯醇酶基因表达和蛋白的表达下调一致。受菊酯类农药诱导的影响,家蚕5龄幼虫脂肪体蛋白的数目减少,烯醇酶基因在各组织器官减量表达,提示可能与蚕体的基础生理代谢受到抑制有关。     

Resistance of beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to endosulfan,organophosphorus and pyrethroid insecticides in Pakistan

Field populations of beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), from Pakistan were assessed for their resistance to the chlorinated hydrocarbon endosulfan, the organophosphates chlorpyrifos and quinalphos, and the pyrethroids cypermethrin, deltamethrin, bifenthrin and fenpropathrin. Using a leaf-dip bioassay, resistance to endosulfan was high during 1998–2000 but declined to very low, to low levels during 2001–2007, following a reduced use of the insecticide. Organophosphates and pyrethroids were consistently used over the past three decades, and the resistance had been increasing to these insecticide classes. Generally, the resistance to chlorpyrifos and pyrethroids remained low from 1998 to 2002–2003, but resistance increased to moderate to high levels from 2003–2004 to 2006–2007. For deltamethrin, resistance was very high during 2004–2007. Quinalphos resistance remained low during 1998–2006. Correlation analysis of LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values showed a positive correlation between organophosphates and pyrethroids, but no correlation between endosulfan and organophosphates or pyrethroids tested herein. These results suggest that the conventional chemistries should be replaced with new chemistries for the successful management of S. exigua.     

绿色威雷防治毛竹卵圆蝽的试验

绿色威雷（触破式微胶囊水悬剂）是防治大型害虫的新型药剂，通过防治卵圆蝽Hippotiscus dorsalis(Stal.)若虫小区试验和大田试验，施药后42天小区试验平均死亡率达96.8%，大田试验虫株率为0，防治效果显著，并克服了“竹腔注射”防治法降低竹材质量的缺点，有较好的推广应用前景。     

Behavioral, morphological deformities and biomarkers of oxidative damage as indicators of sublethal cypermethrin intoxication on the tadpoles of D. melanostictus (Schneider, 1799)

Concerns have been raised that the amphibian larval stages are particularly at risk and may be vulnerable to adverse effects of pesticides. The present study reports acute toxicity of cypermethrin at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h through static renewal bioassay test for Duttaphrynus melanostictus. The LC₅₀ values were 5.15, 4.55, 3.95, and 3.34 μg/L for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h respectively. At sublethal concentration (0.33 μg/L) behavioral, morphological and biochemical changes were studied. The behavioral and morphological anomalies observed in the present study are typical signs of cyano pyrethroid poisoning. Significant changes were observed in total, soluble, and structural proteins. The depletion of all the protein fractions observed in this investigation led to progressive protein oxidation and catabolism of proteins. Decreased protein level has resulted in a marked elevation of free amino acid levels at all time intervals. The induction of catalase, glutathione-S-transferase activities and elevation in the levels of hydrogen peroxide, reduced glutathione, and malondialdehyde eventually lead to oxidative damage of biomolecules, showing that the generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress are involved in the toxicity induced by cypermethrin. Indicating increased susceptibility of tadpoles. Thus, an exposure to cypermethrin at sublethal concentration had catastrophic effect on tadpoles of D. melanostictus.     

在不同盐度下氯氰菊酯对凡纳滨对虾的急性毒性效应研究

[目的]为不同盐度下氯氰菊酯的使用和调控提供科学依据。[方法]采用静水生物法,研究了不同盐度下氯氰菊酯对凡纳滨对虾的急性毒性效应。[结果]在盐度20和5下氯氰菊酯对凡纳滨对虾的24、48、72、96 h半致死浓度(LC50)分别为0.767、0.440、0.383、0.038 2μg/L和0.437、0.313、0.203、0.170μg/L。在中、低盐度下氯氰菊酯对凡纳滨对虾的安全浓度(SC)分别为0.038 2和0.017 0μg/L。[结论]极低浓度的氯氰菊酯农药残留就可能会威胁凡纳滨对虾的养殖安全,应尽可能减少在虾塘及附近使用氯氰菊酯。     

Cypermethrin inhibits egg development in the ixodid tick, Amblyomma hebraeum

The pyrethroid insecticide, cypermethrin (CyM), stimulates vitellogenesis in Ornithodoros moubata (an argasid tick) by stimulating the release of the normal vitellogenesis-inducing factor (a neuropeptide) and subsequent release of the vitellogenic hormone [19]. Here we examine the effects of CyM on egg development in the ixodid tick, Amblyomma hebraeum. Ovary weight, oocyte size, and vitellin content of the ovary were measured after CyM treatment; in partially fed ticks, none of these parameters were affected significantly. However, CyM treatment caused an inhibition of ovary development, as well as reduction of both hemolymph 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E; the vitellogenic hormone in this species) and vitellogenin (Vg)-concentrations in engorged ticks. In addition, the degree of salivary gland degeneration (which is triggered by 20E) was slightly reduced in CyM-treated engorged ticks. These results indicate that CyM acts differently in Amblyomma compared to Ornithodoros. Instead of stimulating vitellogenesis, CyM inhibits egg development perhaps in part as a result of inhibiting release of 20E.