钾元素对苜蓿碳水化合物的分配及抗蓟马的影响

为了探索施钾对苜蓿（Medicago sativa）叶茎根碳水化合物的分配与苜蓿抗蓟马的关系，本试验以紫花苜蓿‘甘农3号’和‘甘农9号’为材料，以牛角花齿蓟马（Odontothrips loti）为研究对象，在网室盆栽条件下，评价不同钾水平下苜蓿的受害程度，并测定了叶茎根中可溶性糖和淀粉含量。结果表明：施钾后，苜蓿的受害指数下降，各器官中的可溶性糖与淀粉含量及其根冠比均升高。随着受害时间的持续，各钾水平下苜蓿叶中可溶性糖含量在受害10 d时最高，茎中可溶性糖含量在受害15 d时最高，根中可溶性糖含量及各器官中淀粉含量均持续增加；可溶性糖的叶茎比在受害10 d时最高，淀粉的叶茎比变化不显著，可溶性糖和淀粉的根冠比均持续升高。施钾提高了苜蓿的碳水化合物含量，并调控其在苜蓿各器官中的合理分配，进而增强了苜蓿对蓟马的耐害性。‘甘农9号’抗性表现较‘甘农3号’好，本试验中最适施钾量为0.6 g·（10 kg）^-1土。     

Using vibrational molecular spectroscopy to detect moist heating induced carbohydrates structure changes in cool-climate adapted barley grain

There is limited research to study how moist heating affects internal structure of barley grain on a molecular basis. The objectives of this study were to use vibrational molecular spectroscopy: 1) to determine the moist heating induced changes of barley carbohydrate (CHO) structure on a molecular basis, 2) to study the effects of moist heating on CHO chemical profiles, Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) subfractions, in situ rumen degradation, and predicted intestinal carbohydrate supply of barley grain; and 3) to reveal the association between molecular structure spectral features and CHO related metabolic characteristics. Barley samples (CDC cowboy) were collected from Kernen Crop Research Farm (Saskatoon, Canada) during two consecutive years. Half of each sample was kept as raw barley and the other half underwent moist heating (autoclaving at 120 °C for 60 min). The molecular spectroscopy (attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared, ATR-FTIR) was used to detect the barley CHO related molecular structure spectral features. Moist heating did not affect carbohydrate related chemical profiles and CNCPS subfractions but it decreased rumen degradable carbohydrate. Rumen undegradable and intestinal digestion of CHO subfractions were not affected by moist heating. The advanced vibrational molecular spectroscopy can be used to detect carbohydrate molecular spectral features. Nutrient utilization prediction using molecular spectral characteristics is warranted and further investigation is encouraged.     

First-year growth response of cold-stored,nursery-grown aspen planting stock

This research examined the first year growth characteristics of cold stored and transplanted nursery-produced aspen (Populus tremuloides) seedlings (container and bareroot (BR)) and compared it to the growth of seedlings that had not been transplanted (established from germinants in the field) and therefore had an unrestricted root system (UR). Prior to planting, nursery-produced seedlings were placed in cold storage (−3°C) and root growth potential (RGP) and total non-structural carbohydrate (TNC) root reserves were tested at 0, 10, 75 and after 150 (container) and 190 days (BR) of storage. Both container and BR stock had much lower root to shoot ratios (RSRs) and root carbohydrate reserves compared to UR seedlings after 170 days. During storage, root reserves in container stock declined faster than in the BR and UR seedlings. RGP in all nursery stock was the highest after 75 days of storage, while longer storage resulted in shoot dieback and reduced root growth. After the first growing season, UR seedlings were one tenth the size of the nursery stock; however, in the second growing season they had no stem dieback and grew twice the height and stem diameter. The higher RSRs and root reserves in the UR seedlings was likely caused by early bud set in its first year of growth. This suggests that inducing bud set earlier in the growing regime might allow seedlings to increase root mass and carbohydrate reserves.     

茄子反向温敏雄性不育系可溶性糖含量及相关基因表达分析

为揭示茄子反向温敏核雄性不育(rTGMS)发生与糖类代谢的关系,以茄子rTGMS系‘05ms’及温度不敏感系‘S63’为试材,对不育期和可育期的叶片及花蕾的可溶性糖含量进行比较,结果表明,‘05ms’在不育和可育时期叶片和花蕾中的可溶性糖含量均显著低于‘S63’;进一步对‘05ms’花蕾进行转录组测序及对其糖类代谢相关途径进行分析,发现差异表达基因主要富集在3个通路:淀粉和蔗糖代谢、糖酵解/糖异生和氨基糖和核苷酸糖代谢,其中淀粉和蔗糖代谢通路的差异基因最多且大部分在低温条件表达下调,主要影响了葡萄糖和半乳糖醛酸的合成。此结果初步揭示了茄子反向温敏雄性不育系中糖类代谢响应温度变化的特点,为茄子雄性不育杂交育种提供理论依据。     

Effects of dietary lipid-to-carbohydrate ratio on growth and carbohydrate metabolism in juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum)

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary lipid-to-carbohydrate ratio on growth and carbohydrate metabolism in juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum). Six isonitrogenous diets were prepared to vary in lipid-to-carbohydrate ratio (g/g) as follows: D1, 2.26; D2, 1.31; D3, 0.78; D4, 0.47; D5, 0.34; and D6, 0.23. Cobias were fed to satiety for 8 weeks. The weight gain and protein efficiency ratio in D1 group were significantly lower than those in other groups (P < 0.05), accompanied by a lower level of feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05). Protein retention efficiency in D4 and D6 and whole body protein in D4 and D5 were significantly higher than those in D1 group (P < 0.05). Survival rate in D4 group was the highest among all groups and was significantly higher than that in D1, D2 and D5 (P < 0.05). In terms of serum triglyceride, D1 and D2 were significantly higher than D6 (P < 0.05). Hepatosomatic index in D3 and D4 was significantly lower than that in D1 (P < 0.05). Fructose-1,6-diphosphatase in D4 was significantly higher than that in D1 and D3 (P < 0.05). Phosphofructokinase in D3 and D4 and malic enzyme in D4 and D5 were significantly higher than those in other groups (P < 0.05). Results indicate that cobia utilizes carbohydrates as energy source more efficiently than it utilizes lipids. The optimal lipid-to-carbohydrate ratio in juvenile cobia diets is 0.47.     

Mapping of genes involved in glutathione, carbohydrate and COR14b cold induced protein accumulation during cold hardening in wheat

Using some of the chromosome substitution lines developed from thecrosses of the donor Cheyenne to Chinese Spring we showed that theaccumulation of water soluble carbohydrates during different stages ofhardening was time dependent. Moreover there was a significantcorrelation between the rate of carbohydrate accumulation and the frosttolerance. The expression and regulation of a wheat gene homologous tothe barley cold regulated cor14b gene was compared in frost sensitiveand frost tolerant wheat genotypes at different temperatures. Studies madewith chromosome substitution lines showed that the threshold inductiontemperature polymorphism of the cor14b wheat homologous genewas controlled by loci located on chromosome 5A of wheat, while cor14b gene was mapped, in Triticum monococcum, onto the longarm of chromosome 2A^m. Our study on the effect of cold hardeningon glutathione (GSH) metabolism showed that chromosome 5A of wheathas an influence on the GSH accumulation and on the ratio of reduced andoxidised glutathione as part of a complex regulatory function during coldhardening. In addition, the level of increase in GSH content duringhardening may indicate the degree of the frost tolerance of wheat.     

玉米胚乳突变基因与互作对籽粒成份的影响 Ⅲ.su_1基因与sh_2、bt_2基因的互作效应及其利用价值

研究了su_1基因与sh_2,bt_2基因互作对玉米籽粒粒重及营养成份的影响,探讨了这些互作效应对玉米品质育种的利用价值。结果表明:su_1基因与sh_2,bt_2基因互作大幅度降低籽粒百粒重,增加可溶性糖、还原糖和蔗糖含量,降低淀粉含量,增加蛋白质及蛋白质组分中清蛋白、球蛋白和谷蛋白含量,降低醇溶蛋白含量。籽粒氨基酸组成中,天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、丙氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸、精氨酸等氨基酸受基因互作影响较大。籽粒发育过程中双突变体一般表现为:粒重早期与正常型及单突变体相差不多,但后期增长缓慢;淀粉、醇溶蛋白早期含量较低,后期增长幅度亦较小;蛋白质含量下降量较小;可溶性糖及还原糖早期含量较高,后期下降速度随时期或基因组合而异。研究表明,su_1基因与sh_2、bt_2基因互作可以进一步提高籽粒营养成份,对玉米品质改良具有特殊的利用价值,但提高粒重是这类基因互作效应应用的关键。     

日粮营养代谢与基因表达的研究进展

动物日粮营养代谢能够影响基因的表达,研究表明:通过改变日粮的营养水平可以调节动物体内相关基因的表达,从而使动物处于最佳的生长状态。本文就碳水化合物、脂肪和脂肪酸、蛋白质等营养素对基因表达的调控进行了综述。     

Varietal Differences in Cell Wall β-(1→3),(1→4)-Glucan and Nonstructural Carbohydrate in Rice Stems during the Grain Filling Stage

Abstract

The contribution of cell wall components and nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) to grain filling in rice (Oryza sativa L.) was clarified by investigating the differences in the dynamics of hemicellulose, sugar composition of hemicellulose, β-(1→3),(1→4)-glucan, and NSC among cultivars with different grain filling capacities. This investigation was performed using the stems of standard, high yield and low harvest index (HI) cultivars. Hemicellulose concentration in stems tended to decrease slightly during the grain filling stage. This decrease was attributed to a decrease in β-(1→3),(1→4)-glucan concentration, which was detected as a decrease in glucose composition of hemicellulose in the stems during the grain filling stage. The rate of decrease and decrease in the amount of β-(1→3),(1→4)-glucan in the stems differed among the cultivars. These were higher in high yield and high HI cultivars than in relatively low yield and low HI cultivars. Moreover, a positive correlation was observed between the rate of decrease in β-(1→3),(1→4)-glucan and NSC, indicating similarities in the dynamics of β-(1→3),(1→4)-glucan and NSC among the cultivars. When the top half of panicle was removed, β-(1→3),(1→4)-glucan and NSC concentrations in the culm and leaf sheath did not decrease during the grain filling stage. Therefore, the β-(1→3),(1→4)-glucan in stems might be one of the sources that supply substrate to panicle as well as NSC.