小麦株高QTL Qph.nau-5B的效应评价

株高直接影响小麦的产量潜力,也是植株抗倒伏性的重要组成部分。目前虽有大量株高相关QTL被鉴定到,但大多QTL的遗传效应仍不清楚。本研究前期利用小麦品种群体,通过关联分析鉴定到一个小麦株高主效QTL Qph.nau-5B。为了评价该QTL的效应,通过分子标记辅助选择分别构建了以南大2419、吉春1016和郑麦9023为供体亲本,中优9507为背景的3种等位变异的近等基因系,背景回复率均高于93%。在7个独立的试验环境中,所有近等基因系的株高较轮回亲本均显著降低,平均降幅为11.1 cm(10.3%)。Qph.nau-5B不同等位变异效应强弱不同,其中来源于吉春1016和郑麦9023的等位变异平均降秆效应相似(12.4 cm),显著大于南大2419的等位变异(8.6 cm),但各等位变异相对降秆效应大小受环境影响。此外,Qph.nau-5B对单株穗数、穗长、千粒重等农艺性状无明显负效应。本研究结果表明Qph.nau-5B具有重要的育种价值,可为小麦的株型分子设计育种提供基因资源。     

骨干玉米自交系抗病性改良研究

以大斑病鉴别寄主近等基因系、骨干自交系及二者杂交F1、F2代为材料,利用前期构建的分子标记技术体系,筛选与大斑病抗病基因紧密连锁的SSR分子标记,同时进行分子标记辅助选择改良玉米自交系的抗病性。结果表明：在大斑病抗病基因位点附近可以找到有效的SSR分子标记,利用这些标记可以对杂交、回交后代进行辅助选择。实验还发现,分子标记的有效性与材料本身的基因型有关,在利用分子标记辅助选择时应注意不同的材料,选择相应的有效分子标记。     

The Rht13 dwarfing gene reduces peduncle length and plant height to increase grain number and yield of wheat

The green-revolution Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b dwarfing alleles are usually associated with increased wheat yields but are linked to reduced early growth and poor emergence if sowing conditions are unfavourable. Other dwarfing genes are available but not used in commercial breeding. The Rht13 bread wheat donor, Magnif M1, produces uniquely short peduncle and penultimate internodes to reduce plant height. A set of near-isogenic (NILs) and recombinant inbred (RILs) lines varying for height were developed from the cross of Magnif M1 and the Rht8c-containing Chuan-mai 18, and evaluated for a range of agronomic characteristics across favourable environments. Reductions in plant height were associated with increased grain number (r² = 0.35**) and harvest index (r² = 0.62**) in the NILs. Reduced-height RILs containing the Rht13-linked, Xgwm577_M microsatellite marker were significantly shorter, produced greater biomass, yield and harvest index, and increased spike and grain number than lines without the marker. Approximately 74 and 7% of the total phenotypic variance in plant height was accounted for by allelic differences in Xgwm577 and Rht8 loci, respectively. The peduncle and penultimate peduncle internodes of Rht13-containing lines were proportionately shorter than Rht8c-containing sibs and lines containing the Rht-B1b dwarfing allele. The unique height-reducing phenotype, increased grain number and yield associated with Rht13 indicate considerable potential for use of this dwarfing allele for improving wheat performance.     

Effect of allelic variation at the Glu-3/Gli-1 loci on breadmaking quality parameters in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Low molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS) encoded by the Glu-3 loci are known to contribute to wheat breadmaking quality. However, the specific effect of individual Glu-3 alleles is not well understood due to their complex protein banding patterns in SDS-PAGE and tight linkage with gliadins at the Gli-1 locus. Using DNA markers and a backcross program, we developed a set of nine near isogenic lines (NILs) including different Glu-A3/Gli-A1 or Glu-B3/Gli-B1 alleles in the genetic background of the Argentine variety ProINTA Imperial. The nine NILs and the control were evaluated in three different field trials in Argentina. Significant genotype-by-environment interactions were detected for most quality parameters indicating that the effects of the Glu-3/Gli-1 alleles are modulated by environmental differences. None of the NILs showed differences in total flour protein content, but relative changes in the abundance of particular classes of proteins cannot be ruled out. On average, the Glu-A3f, Glu-B3b, Glu-B3g and Glu-B3i_Man alleles were associated with the highest values in gluten strength-related parameters, while Glu-A3e, Glu-B3a and Glu-B3i_Chu were consistently associated with weak gluten and low quality values. The value of different Glu-3/Gli-1 allele combinations to improve breadmaking quality is discussed.     

湖南省稻瘟病菌无毒基因鉴定

【目的】了解湖南省稻瘟病菌无毒基因组成,为培育水稻新品种及合理布局抗稻瘟病品种提供参考依据。【方法】采用2014年分离自湖南桃江病圃丽江新团黑谷(LTH)上的120个稻瘟病菌单孢菌株室内离体针刺接种于24个已知抗瘟基因的水稻近等基因系(NILs)上,对供试菌株进行无毒基因鉴定。【结果】120个稻瘟病菌含有全部24个无毒基因,在24个无毒基因中,出现频率高于40.00%的有Avr-Pita和Avr-Pish;出现频率在30.00%~40.00%的无毒基因有Avr-Piz、Avr-Piz5、Avr-Pi3和Avr-Pi9;其余无毒基因出现频率均较低,特别是Avr-Piks、Avr-Pikp、Avr-Pib、Avr-Pi12和Avr-Pi11出现频率均低于10.00%。【结论】含抗性基因Pi-ta和Pi-sh的水稻品种可在湖南省推广利用;含抗性基因Pi-z、Pi-z5、 Pi-3和Pi-9的水稻品种在湖南推广时应慎重考虑;含抗性基因Pi-ks、Pi-kp、Pi-b、Pi-12和Pi-11的水稻品种不宜在湖南省推广利用。     

Developmental changes of phyllochron in near-isogenic lines of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different growth durations

The repeated elements called phytomers, which consist of leaf, node, internode and axillary bud, play an important role in the development of modular organization in plants. Rice has the striking feature that the rate of the phytomer production is closely synchronized with the rate of leaf emergence (phyllochron). We examined developmental changes of phyllochron by using 10 near-isogenic lines (NILs) showing diversified growth durations in rice. The NILs were established by backcrosses with a strain practically insensitive to photoperiod, and they consisted of early- or late-flowering NILs whose differences of growth duration were caused by the combinations of alleles at 6 loci. The developmental patterns of phyllochron were evaluated by means of a quartic polynomial, which fitted well in most cases. The results indicated that phyllochron greatly changed during development, especially in late-flowering NILs as well as the recurrent parents, although the fluctuation of phyllochron was not so marked in the early-flowering NILs. Thus, the developmental change of phyllochron was highly dependent upon the genotypes and/or growth duration; however, it was associated with neither floral initiation nor temperature, indicating that the change of phyllochron might reflect internal or physiological changes which occur during the life cycle of rice. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Phyllochron Dynamics Under Controlled Environments in Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)

Previously, we reported that phyllochron of rice greatly fluctuated in the course of development under natural conditions. The present study was carried out to examine the phyllochron dynamics using the five near-isogenic lines (NILs) for heading time and the recurrent parent. The change of phyllochron was investigated under four different controlled conditions regarding daylength and temperature. Growth duration (days to heading) showed a large variation among different growth regimes as well as genotypes. Changes of phyllochron were evaluated in the genotypes by using a quartic polynomial regression that was well fitted to the change of phyllochron in the present controlled environments as previously observed under natural conditions. Phyllochron began to drastically increase after around the 5th phytomer order and decreased with the progress of reproductive development in similar manners under different environments. The pattern of phyllochron change varied from a flat to non-flat shape. The shape of the equation was affected by genotypes as well as daylengths and temperatures. In addition, the shape was closely related to the growth duration (days to heading) of the genotype, suggesting that the phyllochron might internally increase depending on the genotype controlling the heading date. Therefore, the present results showed that the sufficient examination of phyllochron dynamics is necessary for understanding a variation in the heading date of rice.     

以标记辅助选择改良江苏主栽粳稻品种“淮稻5号”黑条矮缩病抗性

水稻黑条矮缩病是由灰飞虱传播的一种病毒病,最近在江苏、浙江等省暴发给水稻生产造成严重威胁。本研究在前期对水稻黑条矮缩病抗性基因初步定位的基础上,针对第6染色体短臂上紧密连锁的两个抗性QTL,以抗性亲本“明恢63”为供体,感病亲本“淮稻5号”为轮回亲本,通过标记辅助选择,构建了携带目标抗性QTL的系列近等基因系。自然接种和人工接种鉴定表明新培育的近等基因系其发病率较对照轮回亲本下降25%左右,抗性得到显著改良。农艺性状调查结果显示大多数近等基因系其生育期、株高及产量构成性状等与轮回亲本相似,表明目标区段存在较少的累赘连锁。此外,对有关如何实现目标QTL的精细定位,以及利用标记辅助选择聚合多个抗性QTL培育抗病品种的策略也进行了探讨。     

不同生态类型厚皮甜瓜雌雄异花同株系的转育

为培育厚皮甜瓜单性花新品系,以雌雄异花同株系和普通两性花系为亲本进行杂交,杂交后代采用三条途径转育单性花近等基因系,通过调查转育各世代及入选品系与不同生态类型材料配制的杂交组合中花性型的遗传分离情况,检测分析雌雄异花同株性状的遗传稳定性。结果表明：Mr分别与Mm,Ym,YF,F—Y配制的4个杂交组合中,F2的花性型分离为：单性花：两性花=3：1;以Mm,Ym为轮回亲本的不同世代,花性型分离为：单性花：两性花=1：1。推测为供试材料间性型的不同仅存在于a位点的基因型差异,由等位基因A控制的单性花性状呈稳定的单显性基因遗传。用不同生态类型的优良育种材料作轮回亲本,采用连续回交、最后自交分离选择,以及杂交后代连续自交分离选择的方式,培育出4个单性花材料。     

小麦 Glu A1位点1亚基和Null亚基间品质效应的差异

为了解小麦Glu-A1位点1亚基和Null亚基间的品质效应差异,用郑麦9405/郑麦98//周麦16配制杂交组合,利用系谱法辅助生化标记连续多代选择后得到纯合的1亚基和Null亚基的近等基因系,并对近等基因系1亚基和Null亚基间的面筋特性和粉质特性进行了测定和分析.结果表明,对于面筋指数、形成时间、稳定时间和粉质质量指数,1亚基的贡献明显大于Null亚基,1亚基比Null亚基的面筋指数、形成时间、稳定时间和粉质质量指数分别提高9.79％、68.73％、25.89％和13.99％,成组数据的t测验显示差异达到极显著水平(P值分别为0.007、0.000、0.002和0.006),亚基效应为1亚基＞Null亚基;对于湿面筋含量、干面筋含量和吸水率,1亚基和Null亚基的贡献无明显差别,成组数据t检验显示差异不显著(0.978、0.654和0.206).