Finding suitable growth models for turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) in aquaculture 1 (length application)

Growth data of two different commercial turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) strains reared in recirculating aquaculture systems were analysed with the aim to determine the most suitable model for turbot. To assess the model performance three different criteria were used: (1) The mean percentage deviation between the estimated length and actual length; (2) the residual standard error with corresponding degrees of freedom and (3) the Akaike information criterion. The analyses were carried out for each strain separately, for sexes within strains and for a pooled data set containing both strains and sexes. We tested a pre‐selection of six models, containing three to four parameters. Models were of monomolecular shape or sigmoid shape with a flexible point of inflection including the special case of monomolecular shape in defined cases of their parameters. The 4‐parametric Schnute model achieved best fit in 62% of all cases and criteria tested, followed by the also 4‐parametric generalized Michaelis–Menten equation in 48% and the 4‐parametric Janoschek model (38%). The von Bertalanffy growth function achieved only 29%, Brody 24% and a new flexible function 19% best fit. In a 1–1000 day growth‐simulation sigmoid shaped curves were produced by the Schnute model in 71% of cases. The Janoschek and the Michaelis–Menten model each produced sigmoid curves in 57% of all cases. This indicates that a flexible 4‐parametric function reflects the growth curve of turbot the best and that this curve is rather sigmoid than monomolecular shaped.     

产业集聚视角下我国大菱鲆养殖品牌建设分析

近年来,我国大菱鲆养殖业受困于养殖产品供大于求和质量安全等问题,产品价格持续走低。打造区域品牌可能是该产业走出困境的一个重要途径,而此类品牌的打造需要有一定的产业集聚作为基础。因此,先运用区位熵指数和行业集中度鉴别该产业的产业集聚程度,再以产业集聚为视角构建区域品牌建设的理论模型,并以"兴城多宝鱼"品牌为案例,对理论模型之结论进行验证。结果表明:我国大菱鲆养殖产业集聚主要集中在辽宁、山东、河北三省,其中辽宁省兴城市的产业集聚水平较高;产业集聚形成的资源优势、产品优势、市场优势、技术优势、产业政策导向和行业组织服务能有效推进品牌建设;但在区域品牌建设中缺乏强势龙头企业,缺乏区域品牌的整体战略规划,存在"搭便车"和"囚徒困境"问题。基于此研究结果,建议以龙头企业为依托引导产业转型,以多宝鱼养殖协会为品牌的所有者,建立行业标准和品牌营销基金。     

Non‐invasive fast real‐time PCR assay for detection of the enteric parasite Enteromyxum scophthalmi in cultured turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.)

Enteromyxum scophthalmi is a myxozoan parasite that causes severe parasitic diseases in cultured turbot affecting mainly the intestine of the host. It is characterized by producing acute enteritis, starvation and eventually death. Current diagnosis of E. scopthalmi use traditional techniques, based on the identification of the morphology of the parasite. These techniques take extended time to be carried out and do not favour the adoption of control measure at turbot farms and require the sacrifice of fish. This study develops a fast real‐time PCR molecular tool for the detection of E. scophthalmi in infected farmed turbot. This methodology is applicable for routine controls on the farm at every stage of the parasite infection. Results of the study demonstrate the robustness, specificity, efficiency and reliability of the technique. In addition, this study also provides a non‐invasive procedure of sampling through swaps. This allows control, prevention and diagnosis of the parasite infection at turbot farms while maintaining the welfare of the cultivated fish and avoiding sacrifice of the fish sampled.     

Dietary L-Carnitine Supplementation Protected Turbot (Scophthalmusmaximus) Against Streptococcus parauberis Infection

The protective effect of dietary L-carnitine supplementation was accessed in turbot (Scophthalmusmaximus) challenged with Streptococcus parauberis. Infected fish fed 240mg L-carnitine showed significantly (P < 0.01) higher survival (78%) than infected fish fed 40mg L-carnitine (11%). When dietary L-carnitine supplementation was suspended, a significant increase in mortality was observed in infected fish. The present report documents that dietary L-carnitine fed on a continuous basis may act as an immunostimulant in turbot.     

Bacterial Flora in Turbot Scophthalmus maximus Cultured in Deepwell Seawater of Liaodong Peninsula

The microbial flora in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) cultured in deepwell seawater from Liaodong Peninsula, China was studied for the first time. The total amount of aerobic meso- and psychrophilic microflora from the culturing water, gills, and skin were 3.46–3.82, 3.19–4.28, and 1.70–1.95 log cfu/g, respectively. Out of 204 strains isolated from fresh turbot meat with skin, Gram-positive bacteria accounted for 19.2% of the total aerobic meso- and psychrophilic microflora, and 72.1% were Gram-negative bacteria. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using 16S rDNA sequences of microbial flora isolated from turbot. The predominant bacteria in fresh turbot were Micrococcus, Serratia liquefaciens, and Enterobacteriaceae. Meanwhile, the bacterial flora of refrigerated turbot fish were investigated, and the results indicated that Shewanella putrefaciens was the predominant spoilage bacteria.     

Edwardsiellosis in farmed turbot,Scophthalmus maximus (L.), associated with an unusual variant of Edwardsiella tarda: a clinical,aetiological and histopathological study

During 2005 and 2010, a survey of edwardsiellosis on eight turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.), farms was conducted in China. This report presents the detailed results of the study on this disease. Diseased turbot displayed two distinct types of gross signs: black discoloration of the dorsal skin on the posterior portion of the body; and red cutaneous foci on the ventral side. Internally, the most pronounced clinical signs in all fish examined were enlarged kidneys. The causal agent of the disease was finally proved to be one species of bacterium that was identified as Edwardsiella tarda by physiological and biochemical tests, API 32E and 16S ribosomal RNA sequence analysis. It is noteworthy that unlike the commonly described E. tarda strains, the isolates in this study were non‐motile strains without flagella. A histopathological study revealed that E. tarda infection was systemic in turbot and that kidney showed the most significant pathological changes, including acute focal necrosis, an influx of macrophages and formation of granuloma. The most common histopathological characteristics of this disease are the proliferation of macrophage in various organs and formation of granuloma. In addition, this article also gave background information on the disease and presented the results of virulence tests with the E. tarda strain identified in this study.     

Production and Physicochemical Characterization of Gelatin and Collagen Hydrolysates from Turbot Skin Waste Generated by Aquaculture Activities

Rising trends in fish filleting are increasing the amount of processing by-products, such as skins of turbot, a flatfish of high commercial value. In line with circular economy principles, we propose the valorization of turbot skins through a two-step process: initial gelatin extraction described for the first time in turbot, followed by hydrolysis of the remaining solids to produce collagen hydrolysates. We assayed several methods for gelatin extraction, finding differences in gelatin properties depending on chemical treatment and temperature. Of all methods, the application of NaOH, sulfuric, and citric acids at 22 °C results in the highest gel strength (177 g), storage and loss moduli, and gel stability. We found no relation between mechanical properties and content of pyrrolidine amino acids, but the best performing gelatin displays higher structural integrity, with less than 30% of the material below 100 kDa. Collagen hydrolysis was more efficient with papain than alcalase, leading to a greater reduction in Mw of the hydrolysates, which contain a higher proportion of essential amino acids than gelatin and show high in vitro anti-hypertensive activity. These results highlight the suitability of turbot skin by-products as a source of gelatin and the potential of collagen hydrolysates as a functional food and feed ingredient.     

大菱鲆胚胎生长与核酸关系的研究

对大菱鲆胚胎发育过程进行观察,研究胚体的生长性能以及核酸、蛋白的变化,分析生长性状与生化指标间的关系。结果表明：（1） 在不同发育时期,大菱鲆胚体长度呈现“缩小-膨大-再缩小-再膨大”的变化过程,在受精后5 h 40 min出现最小值0.998 mm,在孵化期出现最大值1.089 mm。（2） 油球在卵裂期之前逐渐增大,在卵裂期之后逐渐缩短;在受精后9 h 40 min的多细胞期达到最高值0.192 mm,在受精后65 h达到最低值0.176 mm。（3） 胚体质量在原肠期之前呈增大趋势,原肠期之后呈降低趋势;在受精后7 h 30 min的128细胞期出现最低值0.340 mg,在9 h 40 min的多细胞期出现最高值0.674 mg。（4） RNA/DNA和蛋白质/DNA比率变化表明,大菱鲆胚胎发育至卵裂期后,胚体的生长以细胞增殖为主直至囊胚期;之后胚体生长以细胞增大为主直至原肠期;胚胎发育至原肠期后,胚体的生长以细胞增殖为主直至器官形成期;之后胚体生长以细胞增大为主直至孵出;即大菱鲆胚体的生长是细胞增殖和细胞增大周期性交替的过程。（5） 胚胎形态性状和胚体质量跟生化指标间均为“二项式”关系,而且RNA/DNA比率是与胚胎生长性状关系密切的指标。     

Insights into the virulence‐related genes of Edwardsiella tarda isolated from turbot in Europe: genetic homogeneity and evidence for vibrioferrin production

Edwardsiella tarda has long been known as a pathogen that causes severe economic losses in aquaculture industry. Insights gained on E. tarda pathogenesis may prove useful in the development of new methods for the treatment of infections as well as preventive measures against future outbreaks. In this report, we have established the correlation between the presence of virulence genes, related with three aspects typically involved in bacterial pathogenesis (chondroitinase activity, quorum sensing and siderophore‐mediated ferric uptake systems), in the genome of E. tarda strains isolated from turbot in Europe and their phenotypic traits. A total of 8 genes were tested by PCR for their presence in 73 E. tarda isolates. High homogeneity was observed in the presence/absence pattern of all the strains. Positive results in the amplification of virulence‐related genes were correlated with the detection of chondroitinase activity in agar plates, in vivo AHL production during fish infection and determination of type of siderophore produced by E. tarda. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study carried out with European strains on potential virulence factors. Furthermore, we demonstrated for the first time that E. tarda produces the siderophore vibrioferrin.