Effects of ages of plug transplants and planting depths on the growth and yield of sweetpotato

Sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. cv. Beniazuma] plug transplants produced from single node leafy cuttings under artificial light in a closed-type growth chamber were planted with roots and substrate of 11- and 15-day old (ca. two to three unfolded leaves with 0.08 m shoot length and three to four unfolded leaves with 0.11 m shoot length, respectively). The plug transplants of both the 11- and 15-day old were planted with one and three nodes depth (ca. 4 and 25 mm deep, respectively) inside the soil ridges (called one- and three-node depth, respectively, hereafter). The conventional vine cuttings (ca. 0.3 m long with seven to eight unfolded leaves) without roots were planted as Control treatment to compare the growth and yield of sweetpotato with each of the treatments of plug transplant. The main objectives of the study were to see the effects of ages of plug transplants and depths of planting for greater growth and yield of sweetpotato in the field. The yield of storage roots 115 days after planting in the field was 33 t ha⁻¹ when using 15-day old plug transplants planted with three-node depth and was 10 t ha⁻¹ greater than that in the Control. The mean storage root length was about 259 mm when using 11-day old plug transplants planted with three-node depth and was 33 mm greater than that in the Control. The mean diameter of storage roots was 70 mm when using 11- and 15-day old plug transplants planted with one-node depth and was 21 mm greater than that in the Control. The plug transplants planted either 11- or 15-day old showed greater overall performances than those of the conventional cuttings. The plug transplants planted with three-node depth showed greater performances than did the plug transplants planted with one-node depth.     

台湾大青枣试管苗入土移栽的研究

采用生长健壮的台湾大青枣试管苗为移栽材料，选用蛭石、草炭 蛭石(1：1)、园田土 河沙(1：1)3种基质，且经过常规灭菌。自然光照下炼苗后，在不同时期分批入土移栽。结果表明：长势中等、苗高适中、茎半木质化的台湾大青枣试管苗有利于移栽成活。移栽基质应透气性良好，同时具有一定的保肥水能力。移栽前炼苗时间控制在15d，其中闭瓶炼苗12d。开瓶3d。移栽时间为5月下旬至6月上旬，温度20～25℃，台湾大青枣试管苗入土移栽成活率可达72．70％。     

苗盘钵苗自动识别及控制装置的设计与试验

针对全自动移栽机在田间作业中,因苗盘的钵苗格缺苗而导致的漏栽问题,研制了一种苗盘钵苗自动识别及控制试验装置。该试验装置采用单苗爪取苗,步进电机驱动钵苗盘纵向和横向移动,光电传感器作为钵苗识别装置,由可编程逻辑控制器(programmable logic controller,PLC)为控制核心,触摸屏作为人机界面,可适应不同规格的苗盘参数,可选择对该装置进行手动或自动控制。试验结果表明,该装置可有效地对钵苗格是否缺苗进行自动识别,并控制苗盘输送装置,使缺苗的钵苗格快速跳过取苗爪,提高取苗爪的抓取效率,以降低漏栽率;相对于没有采用钵苗自动识别的移栽模式,该系统漏栽率整体降低了约12%。该研究可为全自动移栽机的进一步自动化智能化设计提供参考。     

蔬菜穴盘苗自动精确移栽组合式取苗机构设计与测试

Precision planting is one key point of precision agriculture.A doorframe type swing seedling pick-up device for the automatic precise field transplanter was designed and tested in a laboratory.The seedling device could automatically extract seedlings from growing trays, transfer them, and release them into the planting unit where they were to be precisely transplanted into the ground.It consisted of a path manipulator and two grippers.The path manipulator for seedling extraction was constructed with creative design of Ⅱ-type mechanism combination in series.It consisted of an oscillating guide linkage mechanism and a grooved globoidal cam mechanism.According to the planned seedling pick-up trajectory, the design of the path manipulator for seedling extraction was finished with a set of the closed loop vector equation.The gripper was a pincette-type mechanism using the pick-up pins to penetrate into the root mass for seedling extraction.It consisted of multiple pick-up pins, U-type pull rod, shaft, stop block, compression spring and frame.The mechanical dimensions of the gripper were determined by the tray size and plant characteristic with a set of rectangular equations and the boundary constraint conditions.The final gripper was developed on the basis of cultural practice for vegetable seedling in China.A prototype of the seedling pick-up device was constructed to examine whether its working efficacy was satisfactory or not.According to the analysis on the work process, the seedling pick-up device could precisely complete a work cycle of approaching, penetrating, extracting, transferring, erecting and discharging a seedling.Taking pepper seedlings, tomato seedlings and cucumber seedlings as the transplanting objects, the performance tests were conducted to evaluate the practicality and adaptability of the pick-up device.The laboratory evaluation showed that the pick-up device equipped with two grippers could extract 70 seedlings per minute with an average success ratio of 90.49%.The quality of extracting seedlings was satisfactory.     

豫西高山夏季番茄育苗温度适宜度定量评价

高温是夏季蔬菜育苗的主要障碍因子,利用高海拔地区夏季气候冷凉优势,发展适地育苗是优化蔬菜种苗基地布局的重要方向。为了科学利用高山夏季气候优势,探明夏季高山育苗的温度适宜性及对幼苗生长的影响,该文以番茄为试材,于2016、2017两个年度,分别于高海拔(海拔998 m)和平原地区(海拔98 m)的同一类型的塑料大棚内进行了4茬育苗试验。运用温度适宜度模型和游程理论对温度特征进行了定量分析,探讨了气温和根际温度适宜度与番茄幼苗生长的关系。结果表明:夏季高山育苗设施内气温和根际的夜间均温比平原分别低了16.14%、18.99%,差异达极显著水平。育苗期间高山温度适宜度为163.64%(白天+夜间+根际),是平原的2.23倍;不适宜度为13.34%(白天+夜间+根际),比平原降低了88.73%。播后28 d,高山番茄幼苗全株干物质积累量是平原的1.39倍,壮苗指数是平原的1.34倍,可溶性糖含量比平原高37.91%,根系活力比平原提高了65.42%。白天温度适宜度与幼苗干物质(r=0.774)及地上干质量(r=0.773)的积累量,夜间温度适宜度与根冠比(r=0.934)及地下干物质(r=0.808)的积累量相关性均达极显著水平。高山培育的番茄幼苗定植后开花节位显著减低,开花数、坐果数和坐果率显著增加。综上,夏季利用高海拔地区气候冷凉优势是培育蔬菜壮苗的有效的途径,该研究为高海拔地区夏季开展蔬菜集约化育苗提供了参考。     

半自动压缩基质型西瓜钵苗移栽机成穴器参数优化

在圆饼状压缩基质型西瓜钵苗移栽时,由于栽植机形成的穴形质量不佳,会造成钵苗倾斜。根据西瓜钵苗的移栽农艺要求,结合旱地移栽机械作业的特点,开展了半自动压缩基质型西瓜钵苗移栽机的成穴器参数优化研究。分析了成穴器的运动机理,建立了栽植穴的参数方程,得出理论成穴深度是影响穴口上部纵长的主要因素;利用离散元法对成穴器成穴过程进行仿真分析,验证成穴器结构参数与运动参数的合理性,探明了小端直径不同的成穴器在不同理论成穴深度的成穴效果;结合田间试验对成穴器参数进行优化,试验结果表明,成穴器小端直径为60 mm,理论成穴深度为65 mm时,所成穴形有利于圆饼状压缩基质型西瓜钵苗栽植;仿真及试验结果表明,穴口上部纵长、穴口上部宽度和有效成穴深度的仿真结果与试验结果之间的误差最小值、最大值和平均值分别为0.34%、12.78%、6.7%;7.23%、20.87%、12.33%;1.79%、17.92%、10.46%。该研究为成穴器的优化改进提供参考。     

油菜机械移栽载苗基质块力学与生物学特性分析

为保证油菜载苗基质块具有良好的机械移栽适应性和幼苗生长质量,该文针对油菜机械移栽过程中载苗基质易出现破损导致取送苗失效问题,以正方体油菜载苗基质块为研究对象,对载苗基质块力学特性和生物学特性进行研究,开展以基质成分配比(蚯蚓粪:黄棕壤∶蛭石混合体积比为1∶2∶1、1∶1∶1和2∶1∶1)、基质压实度(基质与穴孔体积比为1.0、1.2和1.4)、硼硒营养液浓度(0.24%、0.27%和0.30%)为因素的正交试验。结果表明:基质成分配比和基质压实度对油菜载苗基质块力学特性影响分别为极显著和显著;基质成分配比及基质压实度对幼苗壮苗指数影响极显著,硼硒营养液浓度对其影响显著;基质成分配比和基质压实度均对基质包裹度及根系健壮度影响极显著,硼硒营养液浓度对基质包裹度及根系健壮度影响显著。采用综合评分法得出基质成分配比为1∶1∶1、基质压实度为1.2、硼硒营养液浓度为0.30%时油菜载苗基质块力学特性及幼苗生长质量较优。对上述因素组合所育油菜载苗基质块进行台架试验可知:在移栽机横向推苗速度20 mm/s,同步输送带速度30 mm/s,取苗频率40株/min试验条件下,基质损失率为2.57%、送取苗成功率为90.93%,满足机械移栽需求。     

基于双目立体视觉的机械手移栽穴盘定位方法

为了解决自动化机械手移栽过程中穴盘放置偏斜和底部局部"凸起"而引起的移栽效果不理想的问题,为机械手提供穴盘精准坐标,对穴盘准确定位方法进行研究。首先,根据机械手移栽特点提出穴盘定位总体方法及图像获取手段。其次,利用单目相机获取的图像采用像素标记法和Radon变换法计算穴盘中心坐标和角度,完成穴盘平面定位。再次,对双目相机获取的图像采用SIFT(scale invariant feature transform)特征匹配的算法获得匹配点对坐标,并提出区域整合匹配点的方法。最后,利用整合的区域双目匹配点坐标配合相机标定结果重建匹配点的三维世界坐标,并且与穴盘平面定位结果相结合完成穴盘空间位置重构。试验结果表明,提出的穴盘定位方法能够真实地恢复穴盘空间姿态,中心像素横纵坐标相对误差分别在(-7,+7)和(-6,+7)像素内,角度检测值与实测值相对误差值在(-0.51°,+0.53°)内,利用SIFT特征匹配算法匹配双目图像,在2×4区域内对8对整合匹配点进行三维世界坐标重建,其中7个坐标的三个维度与测量值相对误差在2 mm内,1个坐标与测量值相对误差为4.6 mm内。该方法所应用的算法成熟,可以满足机械手移栽实际应用处理要求。     

差速水稻钵苗Z字形宽窄行移栽机构设计

针对水稻钵苗宽窄行Z字形移栽农艺要求,提出了一种差速式水稻钵苗Z字形宽窄行移栽机构,利用差速轮系的不等速传动和空间传动,以空间轨迹实现水稻钵苗Z字形宽窄行移栽.将非均匀B样条曲线理论应用于非圆齿轮节曲线的拟合,并采用坐标变换方法建立了机构齿轮箱轮系的数学模型.将水稻钵苗Z字形宽窄行移栽的轨迹和姿态要求参数化为9个具体的运动学优化目标,编写了基于机构数学模型的可视化参数优化界面,利用该软件界面分析了传动箱非圆齿轮节曲线和齿轮箱非圆齿轮节曲线对轨迹形状的影响,以及斜齿轮螺旋角和取秧夹片长度与轨迹偏移量的关系.通过优化得到取秧段偏移量为3.9mm,取秧段轨迹有效长度为45.6mm,移栽机构离地高度为32.6mm,夹片离从动非圆齿轮牙嵌轴距离6.7mm的大环扣式移栽轨迹.完成了移栽机构的虚拟仿真与样机试制,利用自制试验台架、工业相机和图像处理软件对机构移栽臂运动轨迹和姿态进了分析,结果与理论数据吻合,验证了移栽机构方案的可行性和结构的合理性.     

蔬菜钵苗移栽机取苗臂凸轮机构的设计与试验

采用解析法对蔬菜钵苗移栽机取苗臂凸轮机构进行了详细设计,以解决目前机构推苗作业时间长、速度慢而影响推苗成功率的问题。根据移栽机取苗和推苗作业时取苗针的运动要求,以及取苗臂的结构尺寸,建立凸轮机构设计的数学模型,优化凸轮推程运动角,进而得到凸轮实际轮廓曲线,进行了机构的运动及压力角分析。建立取苗机构的三维实体模型,制造出其物理样机,采用ADAMS软件进行虚拟样机运动仿真,开展高速摄像运动试验。仿真结果和试验结果基本一致,表明改进设计是正确和合理的,同时比较改进设计结果和原设计结果可知,所设计的凸轮机构能够满足蔬菜钵苗移栽的要求,且试验推苗时间比原设计有效缩短了27.9%,有助于提高推苗成功率和蔬菜钵苗移栽机的工作性能。