Mites of the genus Carabodes (Acari,Oribatida) in Norwegian coniferous forests: occurrence in different soils,vegetation types and polypore hosts

Oribatid mites (Acari) represent a considerable part of the biodiversity in Fennoscandian forests, but our knowledge about their habitat requirements is limited. We studied 10 Carabodes species in the forest floor of seven coniferous forest types, and in dead fruiting bodies (sporocarps) of 6 species of wood-living polypore fungi in southern Norway. The most common Carabodes species in soil were rare in sporocarps, and vice versa. The density of several ground-living species was significantly influenced by vegetation type and soil type. Carabodes willmanni and C. subarcticus were considered as lichen feeders on the ground, and occurred abundantly in Cladonia-rich pine forests. Three species, C. femoralis, C. areolatus and C. reticulatus, seem to be sporocarp specialists. Their relative numbers were rather similar in dead sporocarps of five different fungal species, including annual and perennial sporocarps, soft and hard. This was in contrast to beetles from the same sporocarps, which in a previous study proved to be strongly host-specific. Although being tolerant to different fungal species, the association of certain Carabodes species to dead sporocarps could make them vulnerable in forests with little dead wood and few sporocarps.     

双孢蘑菇菌株在杏鲍菇菌糠中的发菌情况及适宜菌种筛选

以4个双孢蘑菇菌株As2796、W192、W136、W20为材料,观察其在杏鲍菇菌糠栽培基质上的发菌状况及产量。结果表明,4个供试菌株在杏鲍菇菌糠基质上均可发菌,表现最好的为W192菌株,其菌丝发菌速度快、长势强、菌丝长满料层的时间短(19 d),发菌至出菇时间为45 d,菌丝稠密而整齐、颜色洁白;其次为As2796和W136,菌丝发菌速度较快,菌丝长满料层的时间为20 d,发菌至出菇时间分别为46 d和47 d,菌丝稠密而整齐、颜色洁白;较差的为W20,菌丝发菌速度慢、长势弱,菌丝长满料层的时间为21 d,发菌至出菇时间为49 d。子实体表现最好的为W192,其菌盖大小适中且厚,直径为3.85 cm,厚度为2.16 cm,菌柄粗短,不易开伞,菇质最好;其次为As2796和W136,菌盖厚度分别为2.13 cm和2.14 cm,直径为3.89 cm和3.25 cm,菌柄略细微长,菇质中等;较差的为W20,菌盖薄且小,厚度为2.10 cm,直径为3.13 cm,菌柄细长,菇质较差。W192产量最高,达到53.44 kg/m~2;其次为As2796和W136,分别达到46.73 kg/m2和44.43 kg/m~2;产量较差的为W20,仅42.53 kg/m~2。     

不同食用方式下蝉花麦角甾醇、虫草素、腺苷和多糖的比较

开展对蝉花不同食用方式下其子实体、菌核、浸提液和浸提后蝉花,进行麦角甾醇、虫草素、腺苷和多糖的定量研究,以期得出有实用价值的差别性数据,为对蝉花进一步的综合利用提供理论数据。不同食用方式分为直接食用蝉花粉末、水煮后制剂和水煮后蝉花整食。根据市场上将蝉花质量高低按子实体大小划分,分别开发食用蝉花子实体、蝉花菌核、蝉花浸提液和浸提后蝉花。研究结果表明:(1)麦角甾醇。子实体中为0.34±0.05 mg·g~(-1),浸提蝉花中为0.31±0.03 mg·g~(-1),菌核中为0.07±0.01 mg·g~(-1),浸提液中未检出。(2)虫草素。子实体中为0.54±0.04mg·g~(-1),浸提蝉花中为0.28±0.02 mg·g~(-1),浸提液中为0.37±0.03 mg·g~(-1),菌核中为0.14±0.02 mg·g~(-1)。(3)腺苷。子实体中为0.61±0.04 mg·g~(-1),浸提蝉花中为0.35±0.05 mg·g~(-1),菌核中为0.30±0.06 mg·g~(-1),浸提液中为0.45±0.04 mg·g~(-1)。(4)多糖。菌核中为(14.84±1.79)%,浸提蝉花中为(13.34±0.95)%,子实体中为(13.17±1.02)%,浸提液中为(9.61±0.71)%。结果显示,蝉花子实体、菌核与浸提前后蝉花活性成分存在差异。     

镉胁迫对姬松茸产量与镉吸收的效应及防控技术

设立外源添加0、10、20、30、40 mg/kg镉胁迫处理,探讨不同镉胁迫浓度对2个姬松茸品种产量、品质、镉吸收的影响,并研究其防控技术。结果表明：不同镉胁迫浓度对姬松茸J37和J1子实体农艺性状的影响有差异,随着外源镉浓度的增加,其子实体的菌盖重量、菌柄重量、菌盖厚度、菌盖直径、菌柄长度、菌柄直径等6个指标均呈逐渐降低的趋势。J37和J1第一、二、三潮次子实体产量、粗蛋白含量则随镉浓度的增大而明显下降,外源添加0、10、20、30、40 mg/kg镉胁迫处理的J37第一潮子实体产量比J1分别提高32.5%、45.1%、31.0%、38.2%、36.5%;镉胁迫对J1与J37的粗蛋白含量影响敏感点分别为10 mg/kg和20 mg/kg;当镉浓度为20 mg/kg时,J1的多糖含量比J37高8.2%;当镉浓度依次增加时,J1的镉富集量均高于J37。10 mg/kg和20 mg/kg镉胁迫处理J1和J37后,施用45 mg/kg CaSO₄,对镉胁迫的毒害缓解作用最佳,施钙肥对镉胁迫毒害的平均防控率分别达36.2%和47.6%。栽培基质中镉浓度达20 mg/kg,是姬松茸耐受镉毒害的敏感节点或者转折阈值,其第一潮次产量下降幅度超过40%;姬松茸耐受生长基质镉胁迫浓度要控制在10 mg/kg范围内;姬松茸子实体重量或者菌盖直径、菌柄直径变小可作为生长前期镉胁迫产生毒害的直观判断依据。     

Effect of electric impulse on sporocarp formation of ectomycorrhizal fungusLaccaria laccata in Japanese red pine plantation

We examined the effect of electric impulses on sporocarp formations of ectomycorrhizal fungus in a Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) plantation.Laccaria laccata was the dominant species in this study plantation. Spatial distribution concentrated in the electric impulse treatment zone, and recorded a markedly larger number of sporocarps compared with untreated control plots. The effect of electric impulses was also recognized onL. laccata fruiting with a mycorrhizal sapling in a pot. Sporocarp production ofL. laccata was strongly promoted by the electric impulse in experiments bothin vivo natural plantation stands andin vitro pot saplings. Our work indicates the possibility of enhancement of sporocarp production of the mycorrhizal fungi with electric impulses in the nursery and plantation. This work was partly supported by a grant from the Kyushu Electric Power Company.     

花生壳、莴笋皮栽培香菇试验

花生壳，莴笋皮代替部分木屑栽培香菇，以传统培养料配方为对照组（CK），通过对菌丝生长、子实体生长和产量等指标的考察，结果表明：配方②（木屑30％、花生壳20％、莴笋皮28％）优于其他配方，茵丝生长速度较快，菌丝生长势较好，子实体容积质量较大，生物学效率最高为20．86％．通过综合分析，配方②接近CK．     

脱水香菇子实体中核苷酸含量的紫外可见光谱分析

用紫外可见光谱分析比较了新鲜刚脱水干制的香菇子实体和用聚乙烯薄膜密封包装后分别贮藏于10-29℃和0-5℃下280 d的脱水香菇子实体提取液中核苷酸含量的差异。结果表明,脱水干制后以厚度0.6 mmPE薄膜袋密封包装置低温(0-5℃)下,能有效地保存子实体中的核苷酸物质。