Impact of added sand on the recovery of Salmonella,Campylobacter, Escherichia coli,and coliforms from prechill and postchill commercial broiler carcass halves

Salmonella and Campylobacter are often associated with raw poultry products and continue to be leading causes of food-borne gastroenteritis in the United States. As a result, the presence of these organisms on broiler carcasses is monitored on a routine basis. Abrasive rinsing methods (e.g., adding glass beads) have been shown to increase the level of bacteria recovered from carcasses or carcass parts. The objective of this study was to evaluate the addition of sand to the rinse on bacterial enumeration and the prevalence of Salmonella and Campylobacter recovered from broiler carcasses. During each of 4 replications, 6 prechill and 6 postchill broiler carcasses were collected from a commercial processing plant. All carcasses were split along the dorso-ventral midline. Carcass halves were rinsed in buffered peptone water, whereas the companion half was rinsed in buffered peptone water with sterile sand added. All carcass halves were rinsed for 1 min and the rinsate was collected. Salmonella, coliforms, and Escherichia coli were enumerated and the prevalence of Salmonella and Campylobacter was determined. Salmonella and Campylobacter were isolated from 17 and 50% of the carcass halves, respectively. There was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in Salmonella or Campylobacter prevalence from carcass halves rinsed with or without sand. The addition of sand to the rinse had no effect on the number of Salmonella, coliforms, or E. coli recovered from prechill or postchill carcass halves. These results show that adding sand to the rinse liquid did not improve the recovery of bacteria present on the carcass in either moderate (2.6 log₁₀ cfu/mL rinsate) or low numbers (<3 cfu/mL of rinsate).     

烟草叶片分泌物及植株挥发物释放规律研究

烟草次生物质不仅对多种害虫的定向、产卵等行为具有调控作用,还能吸引天敌进行间接防御。本研究利用溶剂漂洗法提取了烟草旺长期和成熟期的叶片分泌物,利用顶空吸附法收集了烟草旺长期植株的挥发物,并利用气相色谱(GC)/质谱(MS)联用技术测定了烟草次生物质的成分及含量。结果表明,烟草叶片分泌物中共检测出36种化合物,其中旺长期有33种,成熟期有31种。烟草旺长期植株挥发物中共检测出48种挥发物组分。其中36种组分的日周期释放规律表现为随光照加强和温度升高,释放量呈现上升趋势;11:00-15:00时段的释放量显著高于其他各个时段(P0.05)。而其中9种组分表现为在夜间的释放量显著升高。     

带鱼香肠加工工艺初探

以冷冻带鱼为原料,研究了漂洗工序、擂溃时间以及食盐和淀粉添加量对带鱼香肠质量的影响。结果表明,经漂洗后的带鱼香肠,颜色和气味比不漂洗的好,其最佳漂洗条件为:用3～7℃水漂洗8min,静置5min,重复3次;擂溃时间以25min为宜,食盐添加量为25g/kg,淀粉添加量为100g/kg;杀菌条件为:香肠放入凉水中小火加热至水温40℃,维持50min,再加热到80～90℃,维持40min即可。     

Low levels of antibacterial drug resistance expressed by Gram-negative bacteria isolated from poultry carcasses in New Zealand

Abstract

AIM: To provide baseline data on the levels and patterns of antibacterial drug resistance expressed by Gram-negative bacteria isolated from poultry carcasses in New Zealand.

METHODS: Between July and December 2006, isolates of Escherichia coli (n=407) and Salmonella spp. (n=3) originating from carcass-rinse samples were submitted by testing laboratories affiliated to five major poultry processing plants. Isolates of Campylobacter jejuni (n=193) originating from retail poultry carcasses in 2005–2006 were retrieved from the Massey University archives. All isolates underwent disc diffusion susceptibility testing against panels of 12 (Enterobacteriaceae) and six (Campylobacter spp.) antibacterial drugs. Cephalothin-resistance in isolates of E. coli was confirmed using ETest strips, and confirmation of the resistance phenotypes for a subset of C. jejuni isolates used microbroth dilution assays. Patterns within the resistance phenotypes of the isolates were investigated using hierarchical clustering, and logistic regression modelling.

RESULTS: The majority of isolates (71.5% E. coli, 99% C. jejuni, and all three Salmonella spp. isolates) were fully susceptible to the drugs that were tested. Four (1%) E. coli isolates showed resistance to three or more drugs. The proportions of susceptible E. coli differed between the five processing plants. Resistances were detected in E. coli isolates, using disc diffusion to cephalothin (18.2%), ampicillin (4.4%), tetracycline (4.4%) and gentamicin (1.5%). There was an association between cephalothin-resistant isolates of E. coli and decreased susceptibility to gentamicin. Using ETests to ascertain the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of E. coli for cephalothin gave inconsistent results. One of 193 C. jejuni isolates was resistant to erythromycin, and microbroth dilution assays confirmed that this panel of C. jejuni was generally susceptible to antibacterial drugs.

CONCLUSIONS: The levels of resistance shown by Gram-negative bacteria isolated from chicken carcasses in New Zealand are among the lowest reported around the world. No resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporin drugs was detected in E. coli, suggesting that CTX-M and AmpC beta-lactamases are rare or absent. Salmonella spp. are rarely isolated from poultry carcasses during routine testing in New Zealand, and the isolates identified during this study were fully susceptible to the drugs tested. A panel of C. jejuni isolates originating from retail poultry carcasses were susceptible to first-line and second-line antibacterial drugs. The use of cephalothin as a marker of resistance to first-generation cephalosporins may not be appropriate for non-type-specific E. coli of animal origin.     

盐酸-壳聚糖絮凝耦合处理回收鲢鱼糜漂洗液中的肌浆蛋白

为提高鱼糜漂洗液中肌浆蛋白的利用率,以鲢鱼糜为研究对象,采用单一壳聚糖絮凝法和盐酸-壳聚糖絮凝耦合处理回收鲢鱼糜漂洗液中的肌浆蛋白,并通过单因素试验和Box-Bechnken中心组合设计对盐酸-壳聚糖絮凝耦合处理的絮凝条件进行优化。结果发现：盐酸处理（pH 3.0）可以显著提高壳聚糖作为单一絮凝剂时的肌浆蛋白回收率（从35.52%提高到81.54%）,肌浆蛋白的最佳回收工艺确定为：pH 6.5,壳聚糖用量250 mg/L,温度30℃,时间90 min。在此条件下,可以获得85.23%的高蛋白质回收率以及73.32%的COD去除率。同时,此方法引入鱼糜漂洗液中的NaCl质量分数为0.006%,不会使后续废水处理成本增加,具有一定的可行性。     

Effect of Sand and Shaking Duration on the Recovery of Aerobic Bacteria,Coliforms, and Escherichia coli from Prechill Broiler Whole Carcass Rinsates

Broilers entering a processing facility can be contaminated with bacteria internally, externally, or both, and additional contamination may occur during processing. Although processing generally reduces the bacterial load on a carcass, it does not eliminate all carcass bacterial contaminants. Processing plant personnel sample carcasses daily to determine overall carcass contamination using the whole carcass rinse procedure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential benefit of adding sand to the whole carcass rinse and extending shaking (rinsing) duration on the recovery of bacteria from broiler carcasses. Eviscerated broiler carcasses were obtained from a commercial processing plant before the prechill final wash. Carcasses were rinsed in peptone or peptone with sand for 1 and 4 min. Rinsates were analyzed for aerobic plate count, coliforms, and Escherichia coli. Bacterial levels recovered from rinsates with sand were significantly higher than levels recovered from the peptone-only rinsates, but the increase in recovery was relatively small at 0.6 log₁₀ cfu/mL of rinsate. There was no significant improvement in bacterial recovery when shaking duration was increased from 1 to 4 min for either rinse treatment.     

再生水利用健康风险暴露评价

结合北京市再生水利用工程,建立了再生水用于公园绿化、道路降尘和冲洗作业时,职业人群和公众的暴露评价方法和评价模型,通过现场调研和监测分析,首次提出了再生水利用暴露人群的再生水日摄入量和终生日均暴露剂量,为健康危险度分析提供定量依据.其中公园绿化职业人群通过皮肤和吸入的日均总摄入量为0.07L/d,公众为0.04～0.05L/d,消毒副产物的日均暴露剂量为:职业人群经呼吸途径终生日均暴露剂量为2.8×10^-7～1.2×10^-5mg·(kg·d)^{-1相似文献}   

羊肉的脱膻工艺

为了去除羊肉的膻味,采用漂洗法和预煮法对羊肉进行脱膻处理。利用单因素试验探讨了漂洗条件对羊肉脱膻效果的影响。结果表明,羊肉的感官得分与羊肉厚度呈负相关,与漂洗时间、漂洗次数呈正相关;在羊肉厚度为2 cm,肉水比2:1,温度40℃,漂洗时间20 min,经过4次漂洗的条件下,感官得分可以达到35分,此方法可用于羊肉香肠、冷鲜羊肉产品的生产中。在进一步的预煮脱膻中,采用肉水比2:1,预煮时间40 min以上,去除预煮液,感官总分达到65分以上,显著降低了羊肉的膻味,添加香辛料对膻味具有包埋作用,预煮脱膻法可用于羊肉汤等熟食产品的生产中。     

H_2O_2清洗对蔬菜中农药去除效果及机制的研究

为了提高蔬菜在清洗过程中的农药去除率,利用低浓度的H_2O_2清洗不同类型的蔬菜。结果表明,在酸性(p H=4.0)条件下,含铁量较高的蔬菜能较明显提高H_2O_2氧化去除敌敌畏的效率。通过叔丁醇试验发现,敌敌畏去除率的提高主要原因可能是由于蔬菜基质自身的Fe~(2+)或Fe~(3+)催化H_2O_2有效地产生了高活性的羟基自由基。试验进一步探讨了H_2O_2清洗几种典型的有机磷、有机氯和氨基甲酸酯类农药的降解,结果表明该体系针对不同类型的农药都具有降解效率。