凹凸棒土吸附剂对单宁酸的吸附研究

为探明凹凸棒土吸附剂吸附单宁酸的吸附过程和机理,采用拟一级速率方程和拟二级速率方程,研究其吸附动力学;根据van't Hoff方程,研究其吸附热力学.结果表明:吸附符合拟二级速率方程;温度升高吸附速率常数和初始吸附速率均先增加后减小,单宁酸初始质量浓度增加则吸附速率常数和初始吸附速率均减小;凹凸棒土吸附剂对单宁酸的吸附...     

纯凹凸棒石吸附Cu2+的实验研究

从凹凸棒石提纯入手,进行了纯凹凸棒石吸附Cu2 的实验研究.结果表明,纯凹凸棒石对水中Cu2 的吸附性能主要受振荡速度、吸附时间和溶液pH值等因素影响.纯凹凸棒石对Cu2 的等温吸附曲线同时符合Langmuir和BET方程.在本实验条件下,纯凹凸棒石对水中的Cu2 (20 mL,Cu2 浓度均为50 mg·L-1)的最佳吸附工艺条件为:振荡速度150 r·min-1,吸附时间60 min,吸附剂用量0.100 g,溶液pH5.2,此条件下去除率达到100%.     

热改性坡缕石对土壤Cd污染的钝化修复研究

为探讨不同热解温度下的坡缕石对土壤中重金属Cd的钝化效果,将坡缕石颗粒分别在250、300、350、400、450℃条件下热解2.5 h,将其施用于重金属Cd污染土壤中,进行钝化试验和盆栽试验来判断对Cd污染土壤的钝化效果。结果表明:添加不同温度的热改性坡缕石均不同程度地提高了土壤pH、EC和CEC,使DTPA和TCLP提取态Cd含量显著降低,在添加350℃的热改性坡缕石钝化土壤时,两种提取态Cd含量降幅最大,分别为39.7%和32.6%。添加350℃的热改性坡缕石可以促进Cd由活性高的酸溶态向活性低的残渣态转化,从而有效降低Cd的迁移能力。添加热改性坡缕石有助于玉米植株的生长,与对照相比,玉米植株的根长、株高、鲜质量和干质量都有显著的增高,同时Cd从土壤到地上部分的富集和地下部分到地上部分的转运有了明显的降低。因此,热改性坡缕石可作为钝化修复重金属污染土壤的环保材料。     

巯基化坡缕石对碱性土壤镉污染的快速钝化修复效应

为了探究巯基化坡缕石作为钝化剂在镉污染碱性土壤上的适用性及应用潜力,选取典型镉污染碱性土壤,以青菜和生菜为模式作物开展盆栽试验和土壤培养试验,研究巯基化坡缕石对碱性土壤镉污染的快速钝化修复效应。结果表明：巯基化坡缕石在应用剂量为0.1%~0.3%（m/m）时可以使生育期内青菜地上部镉含量降低81.44%~93.44%,根系镉含量降低68.47%~85.63%,生菜地上部镉含量降低65.11%~92.18%,根系镉含量降低57.77%~91.92%。收获时可食部位镉含量满足国家食品卫生标准限量值要求,在极低的应用剂量下显著的钝化效应是其优势。巯基化坡缕石可使土壤DTPA浸提有效态镉含量降低68.57%~84.10%,钝化过程速度快,5 d左右达到平衡,可以用二级动力学拟合。连续浸提形态分析显示,巯基化坡缕石能够快速减少土壤中可交换态和碳酸盐结合态镉含量,并显著提高易还原金属氧化物结合态镉含量,使镉由活泼态向不活泼态转化,从而减少作物吸收累积。巯基化坡缕石同时抑制了青菜和生菜对镉的转运系数和生物累积系数,进一步降低了可食部位镉含量。研究表明巯基化坡缕石是一种在镉污染碱性土壤上具有快速钝化作用和良好应用潜力的高效钝化剂。     

Effects of supplemental palygorskite instead of zinc oxide on growth performance,apparent nutrient digestibility and fecal zinc excretion in weaned piglets

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of palygorskite instead of zinc oxide (ZnO) on growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility and zinc contents in serum and feces in weaned piglets. One hundred and sixty‐five piglets (28 days of age, 7.10 ± 0.86 kg) were allotted to five treatments on the basis of weight and sex. Each treatment included three replicates of 11 piglets. The piglets were fed the same basal diet supplemented with 0 mg/kg (control group), 1800 mg/kg, 2400 mg/kg, or 3000 mg/kg palygorskite or 2500 mg/kg ZnO for 28 days. There was no significant difference for incidence of diarrhea among the four treatments during the 0–14‐day feeding period. Compared with the control group, piglets offered diets supplemented with 1800 mg/kg palygorskite had higher (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and crude protein digestibility. Fecal digestibility of energy in 1800 mg/kg palygorskite and ZnO groups were higher (P < 0.05) than that in the control group. Both the zinc concentrations in serum and fecal zinc excretion in palygorskite groups and control group were all lower (P < 0.05) than that in the ZnO group. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 1800 mg/kg palygorskite can improve growth performance and nutrient digestibility and can also decrease zinc excretion in feces in weaned piglets.     

Photostabilization of quinalphos by crystal violet on the surface of kaolinite and palygorskite

Photochemical stability of the insecticide, quinalphos (O,O-diethyl O-quinoxalin-2-yl phosphorothioate), adsorbed on kaolinite and palygorskite was studied. In all cases considerable photostabilization was achieved in comparison with the sample of pesticide in its free form. Improvement of photostabilization was achieved when a cationic dye (crystal violet) was co-adsorbed with the quinalphos. The interactions between quinalphos and clays were studied by Fouriertransform infra-red spectroscopy. It is suggested that photostabilization is due to steric hindrance imposed by the clay surface to the isomerization step of photochemical reaction and pacification of clay surface by crystal violet.     

凹凸棒石吸附铜离子的机理

A single-factor experiment of copper ion adsorption on pure palygorskite was carried out to understand the Cu^2 sorption of palygorskite-an important clay mineral in soil and sedimentary rock. In addition, pH of the solution and the surface microstructure of palygorskite were investigated before and after adsorption. The experimental results indicated that efficiency of Cu^2 removal was related to the oscillation rate of the specimen shaker, sorption time, initial pH value and the amount of adsorbent added. Palygorskite induced Cu^2 hydrolysis and interaction between copper hydroxide colloids and palygorskite surfaces, as observed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), were the main contributions to palygorskite removal of Cu^2 . This mechanism was different from adsorption at the mineral-water interface. It was proposed that surface hydrolysis of palygorskite raised the alkalinity of the palygorskite-water interface and suspension system. Thus, the induced pH of the solution was then high enough for Cu^2 hydrolysis on the mineral surface and in solution.     

施坡缕石对红芪磷素吸收和干物质积累的影响

为了了解红芪的磷素吸收动态及掌握红芪干物质积累规律,给红芪GAP基地的建设提供理论依据。采用不同用量坡缕石和NPK肥配比施用的方法进行比较研究。结果表明：红芪单株地上部分磷素的快速积累期出现在7月下旬-8月下旬,红芪单株根磷素的快速积累期出现在8月下旬-9月下旬,坡缕石施用量与红芪的磷肥农学效率和当季利用率均呈极显著二项式相关;9月下旬,P3、P2处理的单株地上部分干物质积累量分别比CK提高53.7%、49.6%。10月下旬,NPK+P3和NPK+P2处理的单株根干物质积累量分别较NPK处理增加了9.27%和17.35%。NPK+P3处理比NPK处理提高17.38%的红芪产量,应在7月份和9月份注意对红芪田磷素的供应,施用2250 kg/hm2用量坡缕石能显著促进红芪对磷肥的利用率,提高红芪产量。     

酸活化坡缕石对肉鸡日粮中黄曲霉毒素B1的去毒效果

480只1日龄艾维因商品代肉鸡，按饲养试验要求分为4组：基础日粮组(对照组)；I．基础日粮 0.25％活化坡缕石组；Ⅱ．霉变玉米50％代替基础日粮中的玉米组，使黄曲霉毒素B1前期为97μg／kg，后期为108μg／kg；Ⅲ，第1组日粮 0．25％活化坡缕石组。研究了酸活化坡缕石对肉鸡日粮中黄曲霉素B1的去毒作用。结果表明，与对照组相比，添加0．25％活化坡缕石对肉鸡生长性能、内脏器官相对重量、血清生化指标和免疫指标均无显著影响，而霉变玉米可使肉鸡生长性能显著降低，肝脏率、心脏率、肾脏率、腺胃率、谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶活性显著提高，血清中IgG、IgA、C3、C4显著降低；联合饲喂霉变玉米／活化坡缕石可使肉鸡生长性能、内脏器官相对重量、血清生化指标和免疫指标均恢复至对照组水平。上述结果提示，活化坡缕石对肉鸡日粮中黄曲霉毒素B1具有较好的去毒作用。     

凹凸棒土-腐植酸复合体对Pb（Ⅱ）的吸附特性及机理研究

通过吸附实验,研究了凹凸棒土-腐植酸复合体对Pb（Ⅱ）的吸附特性及机理。结果表明,复合体对Pb（Ⅱ）的吸附量显著高于各自单一的吸附量;当pH〉4,凹凸棒土-腐植酸复合体对Pb（Ⅱ）的吸附量有所增加,这与其等电点有关;凹凸棒土-腐植酸复合体较凹凸棒土上Pb（Ⅱ）的解吸率小,且解吸率随Pb（Ⅱ）吸附浓度升高而降低;凹凸棒土-腐植酸复合体溶液中溶解态腐植酸的量较单一腐植酸溶液有显著增加;红外光谱（IR）表明凹凸棒土-腐植酸复合体在吸附Pb（Ⅱ）后,大量特征峰变宽或消失,而腐植酸吸附Pb（Ⅱ）后仍可发现羟基等基团特征峰,说明腐植酸、凹凸棒土-腐植酸复合体的某些表面基团虽然相同,但混合物的基团更易与Pb（Ⅱ）结合。