中华绒螯蟹蜕皮周期及蜕皮过程中肝胰腺消化酶活性的变化

采用Darch蜕皮周期分期方法,对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)的蜕皮周期进行了划分,并初步探讨了中华绒螯蟹蜕皮过程中肝胰腺消化酶活性变化。根据第三颚足末端刚毛和表皮的形态学特征,可将中华绒螯蟹的蜕皮周期分为蜕皮后期(A-B期)、蜕皮间期(C期)、蜕皮前期(D期)和蜕皮期(E期),其中D期可进一步分为D0、D1、D3-43个亚期。在蜕皮过程中,肝胰腺淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶活性在蜕皮后A-B期开始升高,于蜕皮前早期D0阶段达最大(P<0.05),随后又逐渐降低,至蜕皮前晚期D3-4阶段降至最低(P<0.05);胃蛋白酶活力在蜕皮周期中于蜕皮前晚期D3-4阶段显著降低(P<0.05),其他阶段变化不明显(P>0.05)。结论认为,中华绒螯蟹蜕皮过程可分为C、D0、D1、D3-4、A-B 5个时期,蜕皮过程中肝胰腺淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶和胃蛋白酶活性发生周期性变化。     

底质对小褐虾生长和存活率影响的实验研究

本研究的目的在于通过小褐虾(Crangon uritai)的人工饲养,以观察栖息底质对其存活率和生长的影响。实验小褐虾样本来自韩国釜山Dadaepo(35°02′N,128°57′E)附近4 m水深海域的桁杆拖网渔获,共选取80尾样本进行实验,其中雌性40尾、雄性40尾,并分别被独立饲养在40个有沙和40个无沙的2 L容器中。为便于分析,将实验样本设为每组20尾,分别为无沙饲养的雌性组NSF和雄性组NSM,以及有沙饲养的雌性组SAF和雄性组SAM。实验环境条件为水温14℃、盐度32.5、光周期L∶D为12∶12。饲养期间,每天投喂新鲜的冷冻虾肉,投喂24 h后将残饵虹吸排除,海水每3天更换1次,整个实验持续100 d。实验前测定每尾实验小褐虾样本的体长和性别。实验中每天检查每个容器中的小褐虾蜕皮、死亡和残饵情况,并记录蜕皮时间以便计算其蜕皮间隔。结果表明,在各组最初样本的甲长分布之间没有显著性差异(P>0.05)的情况下,经过整个实验周期,小褐虾NSF和NSM的存活率分别为28%和10%,而SAF和SAM分别为38%和25%。各对照组个体平均甲长的增长量NSF为1.22 mm、SAF为1.43 mm、NSM为0.6 mm、SAM为0.9 mm。有沙饲养条件下,雌性和雄性的蜕皮间隔分别为15.0 d和15.3 d,而无沙饲养的雌雄的蜕皮间隔分别为16.0 d和16.0 d。无论雌性还是雄性在有沙饲养条件的蜕皮间隔均比无沙饲养的短。有沙饲养的雌、雄个体蜕皮增长率分别为5.2%和4.8%,无沙饲养的蜕皮增长率分别为3.7%和3.2%,在有沙饲养条件下雌、雄的蜕皮增长率均较无沙饲养的要大。有沙饲养的雌雄个体生长速度均较无沙饲养的要快,有沙饲养的雌性个体绝对增长率相对于雄性个体要更高。在提供沙质底质的条件下,小褐虾的存活率提高,蜕皮间隔明显缩短,蜕皮增长率增大,更有利于小褐虾的生长。[中国水产科学,2007,14(1):90-98]     

Assessment of shoreline vegetation in relation to use by molting black brant Branta bernicla nigricans on the Alaska coastal plain

To evaluate the importance of large thaw lakes on the Alaska Coastal Plain for molting Pacific black brant Branta bernicla nigricans, distribution and life form of shoreline vegetation were assessed using several scales: satellite imagery, point-intercept transects, cover quadrats, and a parameter for water regime. Brant population and distribution estimates from aerial surveys were used to classify large lakes into high, moderate, and low use. Correlations between brant and abundance of their preferred feeding site — moss flats — were best demostrated by satellite imagery. Intercepts and cover ratings were not correlated, presumably because these techniques were less efficient at assessing area. General observations suggested that the presence of islands, large ice floes, and possibly other physical attributes of the habitat, influenced brant distribution. This area is unique because of low-lying, drained-lake basins that have ideal combinations of moss flats and large water areas where brant seek protection disturbance is vital to the success of this declining species because alternate habitats may not be available elsewhere on the Coastal Plain. in water or on ice floes. Protection of the area from     

Isolation of Salmonella Organisms from Commercial Layer Houses Where the Flocks Were Molted with a Wheat Bran Diet

To develop an alternative method to feed withdrawal for molting layers, 2 flocks consisting of approximately 26,000 commercial laying hens each at 478 (68 wk, flock 1) and 466 (67 wk, flock 2) d of age were reared in an environmentally controlled windowless house and were fed wheat bran (WB) diet. Flock 1 hens were fed WB for 25 d, and flock 2 hens were fed WB for 21 d and then fed a mixture of WB and layer feed (1:1, wt:wt) for the last 4 d of the treatment. After that, the birds in both flocks were fed a normal layer feed. The photoperiod was reduced from 16 to 9 h in both flocks. Most of the birds in both flocks ceased egg production by 10 to 15 d of feeding the WB diets. Egg production in flock 1 gradually increased to 11.4% by 31 to 40 d and 71.4% by 41 to 50 d of the treatment, whereas the egg production in flock 2 hens lagged behind by almost 10 d. The mean egg production from 61 to 140 d exceeded 86% in both flocks. The houses in the farm were naturally contaminated with several serovars of Salmonella, not Enteriditis or Typhimurium. In both flocks with the WB treatment, no marked increase in Salmonella isolation from environmental samples was observed postmolt relative to premolt levels. The study demonstrated that feeding hens WB could be successfully used as an alternative to feed withdrawal to force-rest aging hens while not exacerbating a Salmonella problem in a commercial egg-production setting.     

Maturity and reproduction of goneplacid crab <Emphasis Type="Italic">Carcinoplax vestita</Emphasis> (Decapoda,Brachyura) in Tokyo Bay

ABSTRACT:     Sexual maturity, morphological sexual dimorphism, and reproduction of the goneplacid crab Carcinoplax vestita were investigated in Tokyo Bay, Japan, from November 2002 to October 2003. The puberty molt in males was evidenced by changes in the relative size of the chelipeds and merus of the walking legs, and was estimated to occur at a size range of 13.20–18.85 mm carapace length. Post-pubertal females were identified by the relative size of the abdomen and puberty was estimated to occur at a size range of 12.81–15.46 mm carapace length. Sexual dimorphism in C. vestita was observed in all features that showed secondary sexual characteristics. Monthly changes of gonad index in males, and of seminal receptacle index and occurrence of sperm plugs in females were synchronized, and indicated that mating was intense in spring. Ovaries began developing in March. Ovigerous females were found in all months except December, but were clearly more abundant between August and October. Fecundity ranged from 7800 to 57 000 mature oocytes per female per batch and was highly correlated with body size. The results suggest that some females may spawn more than one batch per year.     

盐度对脊尾白虾存活、生长和蜕壳的影响

研究了盐度突变对脊尾白虾成活的影响,以及水体盐度(0、6‰、12‰、18‰)对单个体养殖条件下脊尾白虾生长、成活和蜕壳的影响.结果表明:(1)盐度由6‰到0的突变组,脊尾白虾的成活率最低,96 h成活率仅为6.67％;而盐度由6‰至12‰、18‰的突变组,96 h的成活率均在93％以上.(2)单个体养殖试验结果表明,随着水体盐度提高(盐度0～12‰条件下),脊尾白虾最终体长、总体长增长率和成活率均有增加趋势;盐度超过12‰时,总体长增长率显著下降,但成活率变化不大.(3)盐度对脊尾白虾的蜕壳周期有一定影响,盐度12‰组虾的第1次、第5次、第8次和第9次蜕壳周期最长;整体上,盐度12‰组平均蜕壳周期最长(9.57 d),盐度0组平均蜕壳周期相对较短(8.47 d).因此,脊尾白虾对盐度低于6‰的水体适应性较差,盐度12‰有利于提高该虾的生长速度和成活率.     

中华绒螯蟹Y-器官在蜕皮周期中的超微结构

以光镜和电镜观察处于蜕皮周期不同阶段的中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheirsinensis),结果显示,中华绒螯蟹具Y-器官(YO)1对,卵圆形,直径1 5～2 0mm,苍黄色,位于头胸部鳃腔前端,大颚外侧内收肌腹缘,邻近头胸甲内侧上皮。YO细胞排列成索状,细胞索之间为血窦,YO的细胞索由一种细胞构成,细胞核质比高。YO细胞具有类似脊椎动物合成类固醇激素的典型超微结构特征,蜕皮前期YO细胞的光面内质网、管嵴状线粒体和游离核糖体丰富;蜕皮后期和蜕皮间期的内质网、线粒体和游离核糖体明显减少;青春蜕皮后的YO出现大面积细胞凋亡,YO趋向退化。     

三疣梭子蟹蜕皮周期的分期

采用形态学特征观察法对三疣梭子蟹蜕皮周期的划分进行了研究,并将三疣梭子蟹蜕皮周期划分为蜕皮后期、蜕皮间期、蜕皮前期和蜕皮期。结果显示,根据甲壳硬度变化蜕皮后期被分成A期(身体各部位很软),B期(背甲边缘变硬,腮区、心区尚软);根据游泳足趾节末端新旧表皮基线间距/旧表皮厚度的比值(R值)结合解剖后新壳的生长状况,蜕皮前期被细分为D₀亚期(0<R≤0.4)、D₁亚期(0.4<R≤0.65)、D₂亚期(0.65<R≤0.9)、D3亚期(R≈1)和D₄亚期(R≈1,新旧壳可完全分离)5个亚期;头胸甲腹面和螯足长节背面蜕皮缝的裂开是进入蜕皮期的先兆。