No “Gadgil effect”: Temperate tree roots and soil lithology are effective predictors of wood decomposition

The “Gadgil effect” hypothesizes that root associations may slow down decomposition through pre‐emptive competition. In the context of recalcitrant litter decomposition, specifically coarse wood debris, it is uncertain as to what is the relative importance of soil communities associated with living roots when compared to those without roots. Here, it is hypothesized that the presence of live roots and active photosynthates will enhance wood decomposition. To test this hypothesis, the presence or absence of temperate tree roots was used in this study. Sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and white oak (Quercus alba) roots were manipulated at three sites of either limestone or shale parent rock residuum. At each site, wood substrate was placed in soils beneath the canopy of either A. saccharum or Q. alba, while in the presence of roots (root⁺). At the same time, wood substrate was placed in the same soil community, but live root exposure was eliminated by trenching (root^?). This eliminated active photosynthate supply to the soil microbial community. Results determined that live root exposure promoted faster decomposition and greater mycelial colonization of wood substrate. Also, sites of shale parent rock residuum had higher rates of decomposition in comparison with limestone parent rock residuum. Although additional work is needed to determine the extent in which roots and lithology can facilitate wood decomposition, these findings suggest that living roots impact decomposers and provide a pathway towards humus and soil organic matter formation.     

结合多等级代表性采样和模糊隶属度的区域土壤制图方法

High-resolution and detailed regional soil spatial distribution information is increasingly needed for ecological modeling and land resource management. For areas with no point data, regional soil mapping includes two steps: soil sampling and soil mapping. Because sampling over a large area is costly, efficient sampling strategies are required. A multi-grade representative sampling strategy, which designs a small number of representative samples with different representative grades to depict soil spatial variations at different scales,could be a potentially efficient sampling strategy for regional soil mapping. Additionally, a suitable soil mapping approach is needed to map regional soil variations based on a small number of samples. In this study, the multi-grade representative sampling strategy was applied and a fuzzy membership-weighted soil mapping approach was developed to map soil sand percentage and soil organic carbon(SOC) at 0–20 and 20–40 cm depths in a study area of 5 900 km2 in Anhui Province of China. First, geographical sub-areas were delineated using a parent lithology data layer. Next, fuzzy c-means clustering was applied to two climate and four terrain variables in each stratum. The clustering results(environmental cluster chains) were used to locate representative samples. Evaluations based on an independent validation sample set showed that the addition of samples with lower representativeness generally led to a decrease of root mean square error(RMSE). The declining rates of RMSE with the addition of samples slowed down for 20–40 cm depth, but fluctuated for 0–20 cm depth. The predicted SOC maps based on the representative samples exhibited higher accuracy, especially for soil depth 20–40 cm, as compared to those based on legacy soil data. Multi-grade representative sampling could be an effective sampling strategy at a regional scale. This sampling strategy, combined with the fuzzy membership-based mapping approach, could be an optional effective framework for regional soil property mapping. A more detailed and accurate soil parent material map and the addition of environmental variables representing human activities would improve mapping accuracy.     

基于GIS的喀斯特区域不同岩性基底植被NDVI变化分析

为了探索喀斯特区域植被变化的一般性规律,揭示纯喀斯特与亚喀斯特区域植被效应的差异性。以1:20万地质图为岩性基底,利用2000-2013年SPOT VGT_NDVI数据,通过变化倾斜率、变异系数以及相关分析法,对比分析了不同岩性区植被,NDVI的变化规律及主导因素。研究发现:（1）不同岩性基底上的NDVI值、NDVI变化率及变异系数存在一定差异性,NDVI值表现为非喀斯特区域 > 纯喀斯特区域 ≈ 亚喀斯特区域;年际波动亚喀斯特区域 > 纯喀斯特区域 > 非喀斯特区域;呈增加趋势变化像元比重纯喀斯特区域 > 亚喀斯特区域 > 非喀斯特区域,减少趋势比重相反;各岩性区NDVI分布的差异性由土地覆被差异导致,其中森林和农用地比重贡献最大。（2）10 a时间尺度上植被NDVI变化主要受人为因素影响,与气候变化关系不显著。（3）受岩性控制,亚喀斯特区域生态环境比较敏感,与纯喀斯特相比较更易受人为作用影响。因此在喀斯特区域可持续发展过程中,“亚喀斯特”地质背景上的生态安全更应引起关注。     

东北低山丘陵区土地适宜性评价与潜力分析——以吉林省西南部黑牛河流域为例

喀斯特地区土地的石漠化与地层岩性、河流切割、土壤侵蚀、坡度及人类活动等有关。主要从岩性方面来分析喀斯特地区石漠化的成因,并以贵州高原的清镇市为例,结合石漠化的相关数据,运用GIS工作平台及计算机数据统计分析系统,分析各岩层组中各岩性石漠化的分布及等级,从而得出石灰岩地区的石漠化面积最大,石漠化程度最高,而泥灰岩地区的石漠化面积最少。因此,喀斯特地区的地层岩性与石漠化的级别和分布有密切关系。     

红壤侵蚀区不同地层背景马尾松林土壤理化特性及细菌多样性

[目的] 揭示土壤理化特性与细菌丰度之间的内在关系,为红壤侵蚀区马尾松林水土流失分区精准治理提供参考。[方法] 以福建省长汀县红壤侵蚀区马尾松林为研究对象,选择侏罗系中统漳平组中段(J₂Z²)、侏罗系中统漳平组下段(J₂Z¹)、侏罗纪燕山期早期侵入岩(γ₅^{2(3) c})、第四系全新统(Q_h)4种地层背景,分析测定不同地层背景马尾松林土壤理化特性和细菌群落组成及多样性。[结果] 不同地层背景马尾松林土壤理化指标整体表现为：J₂Z¹＞J₂Z²＞Q_h＞γ₅^{2(3) c};土壤养分含量各地层背景各有丰缺,J₂Z¹地层背景土壤有机质含量大于其他地层,Q_h地层背景氮含量大于其他地层,而γ₅^{2(3) c}地层背景磷和钾含量较高;4种地层背景土壤细菌差异操作分类单元(OTU)数目表现为：Q_h＞J₂Z²＞J₂Z¹＞γ₅^{2(3) c},分别占总OTU数目的21.62%,18.29%,16.79%,12.08%;细菌群落多样性表现为：J₂Z²＞Q_h＞γ₅^{2(3) c}＞J₂Z¹;J₂Z¹地层和Q_h地层土壤细菌多样性与土壤含水率和土壤pH值正相关,J₂Z²地层与土壤容重以及全磷含量正相关,γ₅^{2(3) c}地层与土壤钾含量和速效氮含量正相关。[结论] 红壤侵蚀区不同地层背景马尾松林土壤理化特性存在一定差异,在植被恢复过程中应考虑地层背景因素进行分区治理,细菌对不同地层背景土壤性质具有一定指示作用。     

多因素影响下的喀斯特山区坡耕地分布特征——以贵阳市花溪区为例

为研究喀斯特山区坡耕地在岩性、土壤类型、坡位和居民点影响下的分布特征,为区域水土流失治理提供参考,以贵州省贵阳市花溪区为研究对象,结合花溪区高清影像图、高程图(DEM)、地质图和土壤类型图为主要数据源,利用ArcGIS 10.2平台,基于其空间叠加分析、数理统计等功能,对多因子影响下的喀斯特山区坡耕地分布特征进行了分析。结果表明:花溪区坡耕地面积占全区总面积的21.07%,占全区耕地面积的63.85%,是花溪区主要耕地类型; 在各岩组上,坡耕地的分布面积从大到小依次为:石灰岩组>白云岩组>普通砂页岩组>紫色砂页岩组,其中在普通砂页岩组和石灰岩组上分布较为集中连片,在白云岩组和紫色砂页岩组上分布较为零散; 坡耕地的各土壤类型面积依次表现为:水稻土>黄壤>石灰土>紫色土>潮土,其中黄壤最为集中连片,水稻土则较为分散; 不同坡位区域中,坡耕地面积依次表现为; 下坡位>中坡位>上坡位,其中在下坡位区域分布最为集中连片,上坡位区域分布最为零散; 同时坡耕地和居民点在空间分布上具有显著相关性,距离居民点越远,坡耕地分布越稀疏。综上所述,在多种因素共同作用下,花溪区坡耕地呈现出“西部多东部少”的空间格局,其中普通砂页岩组和石灰岩组上的坡耕地连片区可优先考虑进行治理。     

新型测井技术在粗面岩储层评价中的应用

常规测井系列在反映火山岩储层方面存在许多局限性,应用3700、5700、核磁共振等测井新技术,可准确地识别粗面岩的岩性,定量或半定量地解释粗面岩储层物性参数,进而有效地划分储层与非储层,大大地提高了粗面岩储层的解释精度和准确性,特别是可以直观地识别裂缝的发育情况,成功地指导了辽河油区黄沙坨粗面岩油田的滚动勘探和井位部署,为高效开发该油田提供了可靠的技术保障。     

毛竹林生态系统植硅体的分布及其影响因素

在浙江省临安市青山、安吉县船坝、新昌县巧英和新昌县大市聚等4个地点选取毛竹Phyllostachys edulis竹叶及林地土壤,运用微波消解及Walkley-Black方法,研究不同岩性土壤上发育的同一竹龄毛竹竹叶和同一岩性土壤上发育的不同竹龄毛竹竹叶中植硅体的产生和分布规律,为毛竹林植硅体碳汇调控提供科学参考。结果表明:①毛竹竹叶中植硅体质量分数为50.8~99.1 g·kg-1,基本上是由上部到下部递减,在不同岩性间的差异表现为花岗岩>花岗闪长岩>玄武岩>页岩。②毛竹竹叶中植硅体的产生通量变化范围为154.9~605.9 kg·hm-2·a-1,在不同岩性间的差异表现为花岗岩>花岗闪长岩>玄武岩>页岩。③若按目前全国毛竹林面积3.3×106hm2,植硅体产生通量209.5~420.2 kg·hm-2·a-1以及植硅体中碳含量(3±1)%计算,那么中国毛竹林通过叶植硅体约可以固定二氧化碳(76.1~152.5)×106kg·a-1。     

基于Gassmann方程的流体替换流程

利用Gassmann等效介质理论定量分析了岩石物性参数和地震动力学参数之间的关系。结合部分岩石物理等效理论及经验公式,探讨Gassmann方程的3种流体替换流程。利用替换后目的层等效参数,能够为正演模拟替换层波场特征、实现由已知预测未知和岩性预测及气水识别提供资料。     

A Knowledge‐Based Approach for Mapping Land Degradation in the Arid Rangelands of North Africa

Rangelands cover about 82% of the arid area of Morocco. It is generally acknowledged that these areas are threatened by desertification. Monitoring desertification requires accurate knowledge about the current status of rangeland degradation. Remote sensing is widely used to assess changes in land cover, but its use in arid rangelands has limitations because of spectral confusion among various types of land cover. The objective of this study was to assess the severity and spatial extent of rangeland degradation in the high plateaus of eastern Morocco, using a knowledge‐based approach combining remote sensing and ancillary data. This approach relies on analyzing datasets derived from Landsat TM satellite imagery, lithology, bioclimatic data and field measurements. The level of rangeland degradation was assessed using indicators such as vegetation parameters, grazing levels and cultivation intensity, which provided a high level of accuracy for mapping and monitoring the degradation of the arid rangelands. The results showed that the total area of degraded rangeland in the high plateaus of eastern Morocco is about 17,417 km², accounting for 48% in the studied area. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.