青海省共和县土地沙化与土地覆盖变化遥感监测研究

以Landsat-TM、ETM＋遥感数据为信息源，对青海省共和县1987年至2002年的土地沙化和土地覆盖变化进行了监测．研究结果表明．应用TM、ETM＋等中分辨率遥感影像，对以县为单位的区域性土地沙化和土地覆盖变化进行监测是适宜的．监测精度可达90％以上；监测期内．研究区的沙化土地面积不断增加，沙化程度也迅速加深，说明沙化土地治理的效果不明显；由于草地围封面积的扩大，一、二类草地的面积显著增加，草场质量显著改善，但由于未封育草地的过牧仍很普遍，三类草地沙化仍很严重；国营农场的撤离和国家退耕还草工程的实施是农田和居民地面积减少的主要原因。     

Rain Use Efficiency,Primary Production and Rainfall Relationships in Desert Rangelands of Tunisia

Desert rangelands are characterised by low and highly variable rainfall regime, low forage production and high heterogeneity in the distribution of natural resources. This study was carried out in the desert rangelands of Tunisia to evaluate the response of different rangelands to annual rainfall in terms of aboveground net primary production (ANPP) and rain use efficiency over a 10‐year period (2003–2012). In general, ANPP values were relatively low (123 kg DM ha⁻¹ y⁻¹) but would tend to increase with increasing annual rainfall for all rangeland types. The highest value of ANPP was observed from Stipagrostis pungens and Hammada shmittiana communities (sandy‐soil) during the wet year 2011. In contrast, rain use efficiency tends to decline with the highest annual rainfall and varies among rangeland types and with an average of 1·9 kg DM ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹ y⁻¹. Rain use efficiency tended to be higher during dry years and lower during wet years and tended to be higher on S. pungens and H. shmittiana (sandy‐soils) and lower on Helianthemum kahiricum (loamy soils). Therefore, understanding how rainfall affects productivity in rangelands is critical for predicting the impact of land degradation on the functioning of these ecosystems. It can be used to explain production decline associated with desertification as well as to assess rangeland conditions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Aeolian desertification and its control in Northern China

Aeolian desertification is a kind of land degradation through wind erosion resulted from the excessive human activities in arid, semiarid and part of sub-humid regions in Northern China. To compare the results of remote sensing data in the late 1950s, 1975, 1987, 2000 and 2010, we can summarize that the expansion of aeolian desertified land in Northern China has been accelerated for 5 decades, as its annual expanded rate was 1,560 km² during the late 1950s and 1975, 2,100 km² between 1975 and 1988, 3,600 km² from 1988 to 2000, and -1,375 km² from 2000 to 2010. The desertified land kept expanding before 2000 and began to get rehabilitated since 2000. The impact of human activity on the aeolian desertification process is much more active than that from natural process which mainly incarnates on land use change (from rangeland to farmland) and increased land use intensity (over-cultivation, over-grassing, and over-fuelwood collection). The natural vegetation cover destroyed by the human activities has accelerated the development of aeolian desertification. China has made great progresses in understanding and combating aeolian desertification through decades of effort and there were many projects carried out for the prevention and control purpose. The National Project of Grain for Green Program is the most important one with 1060 counties of 22 provinces involved. The objective is to withdraw 3.67 million ha of dry land farming and degraded steppe, and 5.13 million ha of aeolian desertified land suited to reforestation and re-vegetation will be rehabilitated. There are about 8 million ha of lands suffering from aeolian desertification will be brought under control in the next ten years and 26.67 million ha of windbreaks will be planted. The total investment from the central government is estimated to be 75 billion RMB (11 billion USD).     

基于遥感光谱的干旱区土地退化评价体系构建

干旱区土地退化(荒漠化)作为全球面临生态环境挑战之一,对粮食安全、环境质量和区域自然资源管理至关重要。土地退化本质是人与自然因素协同作用下土地利用/覆被类型、数量、结构以及功能的改变而引起的生态服务价值降低,核心是土壤和植被的退化。一方面,人与自然共同作用下的土地利用覆被可以表征土地退化状态,另一方面植被-土壤生境时间序列相互作用过程进一步辅助土地退化过程诊断。因此,该文首先从覆被结构、退化类型和退化程度3个层次建立干旱区土地退化状态评价体系。其次,采用GF-1/WFV时间序列遥感影像,基于多端元光谱混合分解模型建立土地利用/覆被精细分类量化表征下垫面质量属性,并进一步利用植被-生境组分互动特征参数进行功能量化,综合评价民勤2015年退化类型和退化程度。最后,结合地面立地景观照片以及采样点实测数据,对土地退化状态评价结果进行绝对定标和交叉验证。结果表明:遥感评价识别土地退化类型和程度的能力分别为87.5%和78.7%。对于民勤旱地系统,沙化过程、沙-盐化过程是主要的土地退化过程,轻度沙化、中度沙化为主导退化程度。该方法为宽波段遥感国产高分1号卫星在旱地系统土地退化状态信息提取和深入应用提供科学依据和实证研究。     

Valuing Ecosystem Services in Semi‐arid Rangelands through Stochastic Simulation

Ecosystem services and economic returns from semi‐arid rangelands are threatened by land degradation. Policies to improve ecosystem service delivery often fail to consider uncertainty in economic returns gained through different land uses and management practices. We apply an analytical framework using stochastic simulation to estimate the range of potential monetary outcomes of rangeland ecosystem services under different land uses, including consideration of the uncertainty and variability of model parameters. We assess monetary and non‐monetary dimensions, including those ecosystem services with uncertain and missing information, for communal rangelands, commercial ranches, game farms and Wildlife Management Areas in southern Kgalagadi District, Botswana. Public land uses (communal grazing areas and protected conservation land in Wildlife Management Areas) provide higher economic value than private land uses (commercial ranches and game farms), despite private land uses being more profitable in their returns from meat production. Communal rangelands and protected areas are important for a broader range of ecosystem services (cultural/spiritual services, recreation, firewood, construction material and wild food), which play a key role in sustaining the livelihoods of the largest share of society. The full range of ecosystem services should therefore be considered in economic assessments, while policies targeting sustainable land management should value and support their provision and utilisation. By forecasting the range of plausible ecosystem values of different rangeland land uses in monetary terms, our analysis provides policymakers with a tool to assess outcomes of land use and management decisions and policies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Integrating local and scientific knowledge for adaptation to land degradation: Kalahari rangeland management options

Despite numerous assessments of the sensitivity and resilience of drylands to degradation, there has been little research into the way affected communities innovate and adapt in response to land degradation. This paper shows how local and scientific knowledge can be combined to identify rangeland management strategies to reduce or adapt to land degradation. To achieve this, we have developed and applied a four‐stage social learning approach based on stakeholder participation in three degradation ‘hotspots’ in communal rangelands of the Kalahari, Botswana. This approach aims to collate, evaluate and apply both scientific and local knowledge on rangeland degradation and management options. First, current practice and possible management options were identified from the literature. Second, a series of semi‐structured interviews with rangeland users identified local knowledge of strategies to reduce and adapt to land degradation. Third, these options were discussed and evaluated with rangeland stakeholders in focus groups held across each study region. Finally, the outputs from these focus groups were used to produce rangeland assessment guides for each region that provided management options agreed to be locally relevant by both researchers and local stakeholders. The study found that the majority of strategies reported in the literature were not suitable for use by pastoralists in the Kalahari. However, many of the strategies suggested by stakeholders could only be applied effectively under common property regimes, giving impetus to the growing literature encouraging institutional reform to strengthen common property management regimes. The research stimulated a social learning process that combined knowledge from local stakeholders (both pastoralists and extension workers) with the scientific knowledge of researchers to provide a range of management options that could help land managers reduce or adapt to land degradation. By combining participatory research with insights from scientific literature in this way, more relevant results were provided than either approach could have achieved alone. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于GIS的河北省丰宁县土地沙化演变及驱动力分析

[目的]综合分析河北省丰宁县土壤沙化区沙化演变规律和驱动因子,为沙化土地治理及合理开发利用土地资源上提供技术依据。[方法]以遥感和GIS作为信息获取和分析工具,通过对河北省丰宁县2009,2014年2期土地沙化遥感影像解译,研究了该区土地沙化的时空演变规律,并对引起其演变的驱动因子进行了探讨。[结果]沙化土地在空间分布上具有明显的区域性,主要分布于中部以西地区,且沙化类型以固定沙地为主;近5a来,尽管中度沙化面积有所增加,但沙化土地面积总体呈减少趋势,轻度沙化减少了560.9hm2,重度沙化减少了1 872.6hm2,沙化土地总面积减少了809.2hm2;高原区较低山区易发生土地沙化,干旱区土壤沙化程度重于半干旱地区。[结论]以当地地貌环境条件为基础,合理开发利用土地资源,增加林地面积,可有效减弱土地沙化。     

新疆艾比湖地区土地沙漠化时空演变及其成因

基于RS和GIS技术,对1990—2010年艾比湖地区沙漠化动态变化进行了监测。研究表明,艾比湖地区分布着大面积的沙漠化土地,主要分布在其东部和西岸地区。20a间沙漠化土地面积明显减少,沙漠化土地面积从1990年的4 426.49km2减少到2010年的637.33km2,减少了3 789.16km2。经历了强烈逆转—稳定发展—基本稳定3个阶段,1990—2001年沙漠化土地面积从4 426.49km2减少到3 713.2 5km2;2001—2007年沙漠化土地总面积保持基本不变,但沙漠化程度稍有加重;2007—2010年沙漠化土地总面积略微增加,沙漠化程度在持续加深。近20a来沙漠化转变尤为显著,气候变化和不合理的人类活动共同导致了研究区东部的沙漠化程度的加剧。     

RANGELAND DEGRADATION ON THE QINGHAI‐TIBET PLATEAU: IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION

With ever intensifying land use, land degradation is becoming an increasingly important issue around the world, especially in China. This paper evaluates the extent and underlying causes of rangeland degradation on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau in China through a comprehensive review of the literature. Diverse forms and differing intensities of rangeland degradation have been reported in several regions of the Plateau. Rangeland degradation is particularly severe in South Qinghai, North Tibet and the Qaidam Basin. Anthropogenic activities, especially changing land use practices, are identified as the primary force driving rangeland degradation. Dissimilar to climate change‐induced degradation, such anthropogenic degradation is a rather short‐term process altering the abiotic properties of the underlying soil. On the basis of these findings, we assessed the prospects of rehabilitating degraded rangeland to productive uses. Different measures are proposed to rehabilitate rangelands that have been degraded by different mechanisms. Reduction in grazing intensity is prescribed to rehabilitate reversibly degraded rangelands. Targeted human intervention in the forms of selective planting of grasses and artificial seeding, in conjunction with ecological and biological control of the plateau rodent population, is recommended to rehabilitate ‘irreversibly’ degraded rangelands. Our studies suggest it is very difficult or even impossible to rehabilitate new assemblage of species which appear as a result of climate change. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Interactions between climate and desertification

Deserts are known to mankind, but the term desertification has always been an elusive concept. It is now defined in the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as land degradation in the drylands (land falling within arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas) resulting from various factors, including climatic variations and human activities. This definition, which is now being used worldwide to describe desertification and its impacts, leads to the need to consider carefully the two-way interactions between climate and desertification. Dramatic changes in agricultural practices during the last several decades are one of the main driving forces for land degradation in the drylands and examples of land degradation are given for several regions around the world. The effects of desertification on climate have been described mainly in terms of changes in land use and land cover leading to land degradation; overgrazing; biomass burning and atmospheric emissions; agriculture's contribution to air pollution; forest and woodland clearing and accelerated wind erosion; anthropogenic land disturbances and wind erosion; and the impact of irrigated agriculture on surface conditions in drylands. It is equally important to consider the impact of dryland climates on soils and vegetation and the impact of climate change on desertification. It is important to adopt uniform criteria and methods to assess desertification and encourage monitoring of dryland degradation in all the regions around the world. To better understand the interactions between climate and desertification, it is also important to identify the sources and sinks of dryland carbon, aerosols and trace gases in drylands.     

Rangeland Use Change to Agriculture Has Different Effects on Soil Organic Matter Fractions Depending on the Type of Cultivation

The agricultural use of natural ecosystem is increasing in the Middle East because of population growth in the most countries. The type of cultivation could affect the content of soil organic matter in the rangeland use changes into agriculture. Therefore, we compared soil organic matter fractions of semi‐arid rangelands with agricultural lands (wheat‐land, pea‐land and orchard) where have been changed from semi‐arid rangelands to agriculture 15 years before. The results showed that in general, total and particulate organic matter (TOM and POM) and total nitrogen (TN) were highest in the rangeland compared with the three‐agricultural lands in intact soil, macro‐aggregates and micro‐aggregates (p < 0·05). Nevertheless, TOM content in orchard (1·45%) was higher than the two other land uses, and there was no significant difference of TN between natural rangeland and orchard in intact soil. The highest values of POM were obtained in the rangeland (0·23%) and orchard (0·22%), and the lowest value of POM was obtained in the pea‐land (0·14%) and wheat‐land (0·08%) in macro‐aggregates. In micro‐aggregates, TOM, POM and TN were highest in the rangeland (1·77%, 0·23% and 0·19%, respectively) and showed similar pattern in the three‐agricultural lands. We discussed that compared with pea‐land and wheat‐land, orchard was received less negative impact on soil qualitative parameters in land use changes projects from rangeland into agriculture. We conclude that orchard could be a better option in rangeland use changes into agriculture compared with the other cultivations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

近20 a黑河下游核心绿洲区土地荒漠化特征及影响因素

利用遥感影像数据,在GIS的支持下,对近20 a黑河下游核心绿洲区的土地荒漠化特征进行分析。结果表明,研究区的沙漠面积在不断增加,在近20 a里沙漠面积增加约31 km²;2001年盐碱地面积为465.97 km²,比1990年增加82.29 km²,2002年分水工程实施后,盐碱地面积开始减小,2010年又有所增加;近20 a中,沙地在稳步增加,林草地在持续减少,二者之间的转换较为频繁;在不同的土地覆被类型中,林草地、盐碱地、沙地和水体的变化较大。社会经济和人口因素对研究区土地沙漠化的影响显著,在自然因素的背景下,人为因素对水资源时空分布的影响在短期内决定着研究区绿洲的演变方向。     

水保监测与应用技术基于RS和GIS的敦煌市沙漠化动态监测

[目的]研究敦煌市沙漠化动态变化特征,为敦煌市沙漠化防治和文物保护工作提供理论依据.[方法]基于遥感和GIS技术,选取2004和2009年的TM和ETM遥感数据进行调查判读.[结果]敦煌市沙漠化土地面积为1.97×106 hm2,占土地总面积的73.8％;研究期内沙漠化土地总面积减少9 102.59 hm2,年变化率-0.001％;极重度沙漠化向重度、中度和轻度沙漠化转变,沙漠化程度整体减轻.[结论]研究区植被盖度有所好转,沙漠化程度在减缓,但土地沙漠化趋势尚未根本改变,防沙治沙仍是敦煌市的长期任务.     

珠江上游喀斯特地区土地石漠化现状遥感分析

 以2002年前后的Landsat7ETM+遥感影像为主要数据源,采用人机交互解译的方法,对珠江上游喀斯特地区土地石漠化强度现状进行遥感解译,解译精度高达87%。对遥感解译分析和研究的结果表明:整个珠江上游的土地石漠化已十分严重,石漠化、半石漠化土地面积3万9900 km2,占总面积的16.4%;石漠化、半石漠化比率大于15%的石漠化县有52个,其中贵州省土地石漠化最严重,石漠化、半石漠化比率高达21.9%,有23个石漠化县(区),广西和云南相对较轻,石漠化、半石漠化比率分别为14.7%和14.4%,分别有21和8个石漠化县。珠江上游19个市(州)中就有12个市(州)的石漠化、半石漠化面积超过1000km2,集中分布于贵州黔南州—广西河池市、贵州黔西南州—云南曲靖市和云南文山州—广西百色市3个石漠化条带上。     

陕北榆林市土地生态价值及生态风险动态分析

以榆林市的遥感影像资料为依据,运用地学信息图谱的理论和方法,在RS和GIS的支持下,生成了榆林市1985-2000年的土地利用及生态价值变化图谱;在此基础上,对该区土地利用及生态价值的时空变化特征进行了分析,并作了土地生态风险动态评估.研究表明,研究期内,榆林市未利用地及水域面积减少,耕地、林地、草地及建设用地面积增加,其中草地增加最多;未利用地向草地流转及草地与耕地的相互转化占了全区土地利用类型总变动量的79.59%,其中,北6县以未利用地向草地及草地向耕地流转为主,南6县以草地向林地及耕地向草地转变为主;土地利用变化使该区生态价值总量增加了3.11%,其中,北6县占总增量的86.74%;榆林市土地生态风险降低,与土地生态价值的变化情况能够相互印证.     

Land use/cover change and landscape fragmentation analysis in the Bindura District,Zimbabwe

Rapid land use/cover change and landscape fragmentation is occurring in many countries in central and southern Africa, as a result of colonial imbalances in land distribution, demographic pressure, agricultural expansion, government policies and environmental factors such as drought. This study analysed the dynamics of land use/cover and land degradation as revealed in landscape fragmentation in the Bindura District of Zimbabwe based on Landsat data for 1973 and 2000. A hybrid supervised/unsupervised classification approach coupled with GIS analyses was employed to generate land use/cover maps from which various class level landscape metrics were calculated using FRAGSTATS®, in order to analyse landscape fragmentation. The results show that agriculture, mixed rangeland, settlements, bareland and water increased, while woodland areas decreased. Consequently, the landscape became more highly fragmented as indicated by an increase in the patch number and a decrease in the mean patch size (MPS) of the woodland and mixed rangeland classes. This suggests that anthropogenic activities driven by agricultural expansion were the main causes of landscape fragmentation, leading to landscape degradation in the study area. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Rationale and methods for compiling an atlas of desertification in Italy

This study presents the main results and the methodology used in the creation of the atlas of the risk of desertification in Italy. A desertified area was defined as an unproductive area for agricultural or forestry use, due to soil degradation processes. An area at risk of desertification was a tract of the earth's surface which is vulnerable or sensitive to the processes of desertification. In a vulnerable land, environmental characteristics are close to that of a desertified area, but some factors (e.g. vegetation cover or irrigation), successfully mitigate the desertification process. On the other hand, sensitive land is a surface where the process leading to desertification is active, although the land is not yet unproductive. The DPSIR (Driving force‐Pressure‐State‐Impact‐Response) framework has been adopted as a reference. Using the national soil information system and socio‐economic layers, an atlas of indicators of desertification risks was created, which was organized into different soil degradation systems. 51.8 per cent of Italy was considered to be at potential risk of desertification. Some 21.3 per cent of Italy (41.1 per cent of the area at potential risk) featured land degradation phenomena. Specifically, 4.3 per cent of Italy is already unproductive; 4.7 per cent is sensitive and 12.3 per cent is vulnerable. In the territory at potential risk of desertification, unproductive lands, plus areas vulnerable or sensitive to soil erosion, are at least the 19 per cent. Areas affected by aridity also sum up to 19 per cent. Salt‐affected soils in Italy are estimated to cover >1 million ha. Irrigation can mitigate soil aridity and salinization, nevertheless, only about 15 per cent of the sensitive and vulnerable lands of southern Italy are actually equipped with irrigation networks. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Small mammalian herbivores as mediators of plant community dynamics in the high-altitude arid rangelands of Trans-Himalaya

The high-altitude rangelands of the Trans-Himalaya represent a grazing ecosystem which has supported an indigenous pastoral community for millennia alongside a diverse assemblage of wild herbivores including burrowing mammals (pikas and voles). Pastoralists consider the small mammals to cause rangeland degradation and as competitors for their livestock, and actively eradicate them at many places. We present data on the ways in which small herbivores like pikas and voles mediate plant community dynamics. Vegetation cover and plant species richness were compared on and off both active and abandoned small mammal colonies. Plant species richness was higher inside colonies (about 4-5 species/plot) than outside (about 3 species/plot) whereas vegetation cover was only marginally lower (52% compared to 60%). Soil disturbance due to small mammals is seen to be associated with higher plant diversity without causing dramatic decline in overall vegetation cover. Such disturbance-mediated dynamics and vegetation mosaics produce a rich array of testable hypotheses that can highlight how small mammals influence assembly processes, succession, and dominance hierarchies in plant communities in this arid ecosystem. So, eradicating small mammals may lead to declining levels of diversity in this ecosystem, and compromise ecosystem-functioning. Changes in traditional pastoral practices and overstocking are more likely to be responsible for degradation. We emphasize that eradicating small mammals can lead to loss of diversity in this ecosystem and it is not a solution for the degradation problems.     

我国农牧交错区土地退化研究——以宁夏盐池县为例

 从荒漠化发展历史角度出发,通过收集历史资料和固定样地观测,采用数学分析方法,利用马尔可夫链(Markov)模型和模糊模式识别方法对盐池荒漠化现状、动态变化以及荒漠化治理措施效益进行分析。结果表明:1)盐池县近半个世纪以来土地荒漠化呈急剧扩大趋势,荒漠化土地面积平均年增长率4.03％。2)盐池县荒漠化主要原因是在脆弱生态环境基础上,人为不合理经济活动所致。3)如果能做到严格执法,全面落实禁牧政策并加强防沙治沙工程管理,盐池县荒漠化土地将得到全面治理,否则盐池县荒漠化形势将继续恶化。认为能否全面落实禁牧和退耕还林政策,将直接影响盐池县荒漠化防治。     

Processes and mechanisms of desertification in northern China during the last 30 years,with a special reference to the Hunshandake Sandy Land,eastern Inner Mongolia

Desertification has been widely recognized as one of the most serious environmental problems in China, although its concept and causes are still debated in scientific communities. The semi-arid region in northeastern China, located on northern margin of eastern Asian summer monsoon, is ideal for investigating the processes and mechanisms of desertification because of its very sensitive ecosystem. Using the Hunshandake Sandy Land of eastern Inner Mongolia, a former dormant dunes and wetlands environment, we monitored the variation of the desertified land and the wetlands in order to assess the climatic and human impacts on the processes of desertification. The research methods included digital image processing of LANDSAT data and ground checks. The remote sensing data from the last three decades show that the wetlands were larger in 1975 and 1992 than in 1989 and 2001. The variation of the extension of mobile dunes is in inverse proportion to that of wetlands. The main process of desertification is the reactivation of dormant sand dunes. The changes of wetlands and desertified lands correlate considerably well with the variations of local precipitation and temperature, suggesting that climate might be the key factor triggering desertification in the Hunshandake. In other sandy lands of China, however, human activities might be the key factor causing desertification and land degradation.