Incorporating forage grasses in riparian buffers for bioremediation of atrazine, isoxaflutole and nitrate in Missouri

Multi-species tree-shrub-grass riparian buffer systems have been recognized as one of the most cost-effective bioremediation approaches to alleviate nonpoint source agricultural pollution in heavily fertilized systems. However, highly concentrated herbicides in surface and subsurface water and shade cast by trees along the stream bank usually compromise the effectiveness of these systems. Greenhouse trials and field lysimeter studies were conducted to evaluate the tolerance of orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata), smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), timothy (Phleum pratense), and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) ground covers to atrazine and Balance™ (isoxaflutole) plus their capacity to sequester and degrade these herbicides and their metabolites. Their ability to remove soil nitrate was also quantified. Concentrations of atrazine, Balance™ and their metabolites in the leachate, soil and plant samples were determined by solid phase extraction followed by high performance liquid or gas chromatographic analyses. Distribution of the herbicides and metabolites in the system was calculated using a mass balance approach. Herbicide bioremediation capacity of each lysimeter treatment was determined by the ratio of metabolites to parent herbicide plus metabolites. Bioremediation of nitrate was quantified by comparing nitrate reduction rates in grass treatments to the bare ground control. Based on this herbicide tolerance, bioremediation data and shade tolerance determined in a previous study, it was established that switch grass, tall fescue and smooth bromegrass are good candidates for incorporation into tree-shrub-grass riparian buffer systems designed for the bioremediation of atrazine, Balance™ and nitrate.     

In vitro hydroxylation of vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 in tissues of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus, Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus and Atlantic cod Gadus morhua

The in vitro metabolism of ¹⁴CD₃ and ³H25OHD₃ was investigated in different tissues from Atlantic salmon Salmo salar , Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus , Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus and Atlantic cod Gadus morhua . The tissues analysed were liver, kidney, head kidney, gills, spleen and intestine. The metabolites were extracted in methanol–chloroform and separated by normal-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) followed by scintillation counting. Identification of the metabolites was by comigration with standards on normal and reversed-phase HPLC systems and by protein-binding assays. All tissues from all species analysed produced hydroxylated derivatives identified as 25OHD₃, 24,25(OH)₂D₃ and 1,25(OH)₂D₃. In addition, some unidentified derivatives were recorded, one probably being 25,26(OH)₂D₃. Organs producing great amounts of one metabolite also produced considerable amounts of the other possible derivatives, suggesting a lower degree of specificity in fish organs than in human organs. The predominating metabolite was 24,25(OH)₂D₃ in all organs from salmon and mackerel during incubation with ¹⁴CD₃ and within most organs from all species during ³H25OHD₃ incubation. The latter observation probably results from the need for decreasing rather than increasing the calcium absorption in these species, which live at least some periods of life in a marine environment.     

大豆磷脂羟酰化的研究

对大豆磷脂羟酰化的研究，所得产品具有良好的乳化性、润湿性和乳化稳定性．结果表明，过氧化氢加入量对产品的质量和主要性质有显著影响，温度对碘值和过氧化值分别有一定的和显著影响，低压蒸汽的量对过氧化值有一定的影响，氢氧化钠加入量对乳化稳定性有一定的影响，并得出磷脂羟酰化的最佳工艺条件．     

Composition and use of puppy milk replacers in German Shepherd puppies in the Netherlands

Enostosis or eosinophilic panosteitis is a common disease in young growing large-breed dogs, such as the German Shepherd, and the risk of developing the disease by 3-4 months of age is increased by a high calcium intake. The aim of the study was to investigate whether German Shepherd puppies raised on milk replacers receive more calcium and/or vitamin D than their requirements in the pre-weaning period and thus are at increased risk of developing skeletal diseases. To this end, we surveyed German Shepherd breeders in the Netherlands about the use of puppy milk replacers (PMR). The metabolizable energy, calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D content of the eight most used PMR were compared with that of bitch milk, as reported in the literature. The protein and fat content of most PMR were somewhat lower (range 24.4-33.2 g per 100 g on dmb and 18.3-37.5 g per 100 g on dmb respectively) compared with bitch milk (31.9 and 40.2 g on dmb respectively). The vitamin D content of one of the PMR samples was sevenfold the level recommended by the NRC (Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats, National Academy Press, 2006) and threefold the average level of bitch milk. The clinical relevance of this high amount is questionable, as bitch milk contains mainly 25-hydroxy-vitamin D [3843 μg (96.1 IU) per 100 g on dmb] and only limited amounts of vitamin D [524 μg (13.3 IU) per 100 g on dmb], as was determined in this study. Dutch German Shepherd breeders tended to overfeed their puppies. We calculated that misguided use of PMR can increase the risk of excessive calcium, phosphorus and possibly vitamin D intake during a vulnerable period, potentially giving rise to bone and cartilage problems later in life.     

生物转化制备活性维生素 D3的研究进展

维生素D3本身没有生物活性,在体内需经羟化生成活性维生素 D3才能发挥其生理作用。目前主要通过化学合成法和微生物转化法来生产活性维生素 D3。化学合成过程复杂、污染严重,不适合工业化生产。而生物转化法条件温和,特异性强,反应步骤少,在制备活性维生素 D3中具有重要意义。综述了参与维生素 D3代谢的哺乳动物 CYP450羟化酶、维生素 D3羟化菌株及生产过程中采用的基因工程方法,并展望研究方向的发展趋势。     

金属卟啉催化性能与金属原子电子构型关系

合成了三种具有不同电子排布的金属卟啉，ＴＰＰＦｅ（Ⅲ）Ｃｌ，ＴＰＰＣｏ（Ⅱ）和［ＴＰＰＦｅ（Ⅲ）］２Ｏ，并用它们模拟细胞色素Ｐ－４５０单充氧酶在温和条件下催化环己烷的氧化反应。结果表明，金属卟啉的仿生催化性能与它们的磁场性质有关。对ＰｈＩＯ氧化环己烷的反应，具有低自旋排布的ＴＰＰＣｏ（Ⅱ）和由于反铁磁耦合而呈现抗磁性的［ＴＰＰＦｅ（Ⅲ）］２Ｏ没有催化性能，而高自旋排布的ＴＰＰＦｅ（Ⅲ）Ｃｌ具有催化     

总状毛霉对17α-羟基孕甾-4-烯-3,20-二肟的生物转化

为了获得具有较强生物学活性或结构新颖的羟基甾体肟衍生物,利用总状毛霉对合成的17α-羟基孕甾-4-烯-3,20-二肟进行转化研究。转化产物经柱层析分离纯化后鉴定为7α,17α-二羟基-20-肟-孕甾-4-烯-3-酮(3)和11α,17α-二羟基-20-肟-孕甾-4-烯-3-酮(4)。目前微生物转化甾体研究领域对于甾体肟的转化研究少见报道,研究结果为甾体肟衍生物的发展奠定了基础。     

Bioconversion of dieldrin by wood‐rotting fungi and metabolite detection

BACKGROUND: Dieldrin is one of the most persistent organochlorine pesticides, listed as one of the 12 persistent organic pollutants in the Stockholm Convention. Although microbial degradation is an effective way to remediate environmental pollutants, reports on aerobic microbial degradation of dieldrin are limited. Wood‐rotting fungi can degrade a wide spectrum of recalcitrant organopollutants, and an attempt has been made to select wood‐rotting fungi that can degrade dieldrin, and to identify the metabolite. RESULTS: Thirty‐four isolates of wood‐rotting fungi were investigated for their ability to degrade dieldrin. Strain YK543 degraded 39.1 ± 8.8% of dieldrin during 30 days of incubation. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that strain YK543 was closely related to the fungus Phlebia brevispora Nakasone TMIC33929, which has been reported as a fungus that can degrade chlorinated dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls. 9‐Hydroxydieldrin was detected as a metabolite in the cultures of strain YK543. CONCLUSION: It is important to select the microorganisms that degrade organic pollutants, and to identify the metabolic pathway for the development of bioremediation methods. Strain YK543 was selected as a fungus capable of degrading dieldrin. The metabolic pathway includes 9‐hydroxylation reported in rat's metabolism catalysed by liver microsomal monooxygenase. This is the first report of transformation of dieldrin to 9‐hydroxydieldrin by a microorganism. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

海泡石固载金属卟啉温和催化环己烷氧化反应

合成了海泡石固载金属卟啉，研究了它们对亚碘酰苯在常温常压下选择性氧化环己烷成为环己醇和环己酮反应的催化作用。研究结果表明，对环己烷的温和氧化反应，海泡石固载金属卟啉比未固载金属卟啉具有更好的催化性能和重复使用性能。