Response of grain-filling rate and grain quality of mid-season indica rice to nitrogen application

Nitrogen is one of the important factors for high yield of rice. Apart from high yield, high quality has become the current urgent demand for rice production. Grain-filling stage is crucial for rice yield and quality formation. However, the effect of nitrogen on grain-filling characteristics and the relationship of grain-filling characteristics and rice quality of mid-season indica rice were still unclear. A field experiment was carried out to ascertain the critical grain-filling characteristics that contribute to rice milling quality, appearance quality and cooking and eating quality under nitrogen applications. The results showed that nitrogen applications prolonged the duration of superior and inferior grain filling. The mean grainfilling rate(G_(mean)) and the maximum grain-filling rate(G_(max)) of the inferior grains were positively correlated with chalky kernel rate, chalkiness, and amylose content. The time reaching the maximum grain-filling rate(T_(max) G) of the inferior grains was positively correlated with brown rice rate, milled rice rate, and head milled rice rate. Chalky kernel rate and chalkiness were negatively correlated with peak paste viscosity and breakdown viscosity. Less amylose content and more crude protein content were detected in nitrogen application of Liangyoupei 9 and Y Liangyou 2 both in 2016 and 2017. According to the correlation analysis, better cooking and eating quality of Y Liangyou 2 which had less amylose content might result from its higher G_(max) and G_(mean) of inferior grain than that of Liangyoupei 9 in the treatments of nitrogen application. These results indicated that the prolonging grain-filling duration and increasing grain weight at the maximum grain-filling rate of inferior grains contributed to the improvement of milling quality, appearance quality, and cooking and eating quality of mid-season indica rice under appropriate nitrogen applications.     

抽穗后遮荫对龙粳31产量及籽粒灌浆的影响

对水稻龙粳31抽穗后进行遮光处理,研究遮荫处理与未遮荫处理(CK)在产量及其构成、功能叶片的SPAD值和灌浆特性等方面的差异。结果表明:龙粳31抽穗后进行遮荫,主要影响千粒重和结实率两个产量因素,产量降低达到极显著水平;胁迫功能叶片SPAD值升高;遮光处理的强、弱势粒籽粒最大灌浆速率GR_(max)和平均灌浆速率GR_(mean)均低于对照。     

不同基因型啤酒大麦品种（系）籽粒灌浆特征及产量性状

以9个不同基因型啤酒大麦品种(系)为供试材料,比较了籽粒灌浆特性及产量性状等指标。结果表明:不同基因型啤酒大麦品种(系)籽粒灌浆过程均呈"S"型曲线变化,开花后天数与千粒重的关系均符合Logistic方程,籽粒灌浆速率变化均呈"慢—快—慢"规律;高秆、旗叶宽大的品种(系)粒重增加时间较早;分蘖能力强或旗叶宽大的品种(系)灌浆速率峰值显现较早,且为单峰,其他品种(系)则为双峰;株高、分蘖能力、旗叶适中的品种(系)保持较高灌浆速率的持续时间较长;在各灌浆特征参数中,最大灌浆速率(Rmax)与产量的灰色关联度最大,平均灌浆速率(R)与千粒重的灰色关联度最大,起始生长势(C0)对前期贡献率的灰色关联度最大。旗叶宽大、分蘖能力和抗旱性较强的品种(系)穗长和穗粒重最大,穗粒数最多,具有一定的产量优势,可作为育种选择目标。0110-16和甘啤7号品种(系)单位面积产量较高,可在生产上推广应用。     

稻田增氧模式对水稻籽粒灌浆的影响

 为考查水稻产量形成和灌浆动态对不同稻田增氧模式的响应特征,于2008年和2009年,以国稻1号和秀水09为材料,长期淹水田块为对照(CK),采用过氧化尿素（T1）、过氧化钙（T2）和干湿交替灌溉（T3）的稻田增氧模式,监测并采用Richard方程模拟水稻籽粒灌浆过程。 国稻1号产量依次为T3＞T1＞T2＞CK,秀水09产量依次为T3＞T2＞T1＞CK。2008年,国稻1号T1、T2和T3分别比CK增产11.6%、8.5%和13.6%,秀水09增产6.6%、9.2%和9.4%。2009年,国稻1号T1、T2和T3分别比CK增产16.8%、14.4%和23.0%,秀水09增产14.6%、17.2% 和17.4%。不同增氧模式对水稻灌浆过程的影响表现为：1）灌浆过程均符合Richards方程（拟合度>0.989）;2）强、弱势粒的最大粒重均有提高、粒重差异减少、灌浆同步性提高;3）两水稻品种的弱势粒均得到充分灌浆,其中增氧延长了国稻1号弱势粒的灌浆时间、增大了秀水09弱势粒灌浆速率。增氧模式下,弱势粒充分灌浆和结实率提高是水稻产量增加的主要原因。     

遮阴对不同冬小麦品种籽粒灌浆及品质特性的影响

【目的】研究遮阴处理对不同冬小麦品种籽粒灌浆及品质特性的影响,为耐阴小麦选育提供理论基础。【方法】在大田灌溉条件下,以新冬20号、新冬40号、新冬57号和新冬60号为材料,分别设置自然光对照和遮光度为50%的遮阴处理,研究不同冬小麦品种在遮阴和自然光条件下籽粒灌浆特性、品质特性及产量的变化规律。【结果】 遮阴处理后,四个冬小麦品种的籽粒灌浆特性表现为:新冬57号＞新冬60号＞新冬40号＞新冬20号,各品种的蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和沉降值均表现为:新冬20号＞新冬57号＞新冬40号＞新冬60号;新冬57号的形成时间最长,为5.7 min;新冬60号的稳定时间最长,为11.6 min;面团拉伸特性表现为:新冬60号＞新冬20号＞新冬40号＞新冬57号;产量表现为:新冬40号＞新冬57号＞新冬20号＞新冬60号。【结论】遮阴显著降低了四个冬小麦品种的灌浆特性及产量,对品质特性也有一定的影响。     

不同栽培模式对早稻—再生稻头季稻籽粒灌浆特性和ATP酶活性的影响

为了揭示不同栽培措施对再生稻产量的影响,阐明超高产栽培模式实现高产的生理原因,采用超高产栽培模式并以常规栽培模式作为对照进行比较试验,研究不同栽培模式下早稻—再生稻头季稻籽粒灌浆特性和ATP酶活性的变化。结果表明,与常规栽培模式相比,超高产栽培模式头季稻强、弱势粒的生长潜势强,灌浆最大生长速率出现的时间早,灌浆速率在整个灌浆期的前、中、后3个阶段均较高,活跃灌浆时间较短,强、弱势粒较早进入灌浆盛期,同时,整个灌浆期头季稻强、弱势粒的Mg2 -ATP和Ca2 -ATP酶活性超高产栽培模式也都较常规栽培模式的高,尤其是在籽粒灌浆的快速增长阶段,超高产栽培模式的明显高于常规栽培模式,因而其头季籽粒灌浆呈现出灌浆起动快、灌浆强度大、灌浆后期“拉力”足的特点,从而有利于有机物质向穗部运输,这是超高产栽培模式头季实现大穗、多穗、粒饱、结实率高的籽粒灌浆特性和生理原因。     

Das Kompensationsvermögen der Weizenähre in Abhängigkeit vom Temperaturniveau während der Kornausbildungsperiode

Compensation capacity of wheat ears depending on temperature level during grain-filling period
In order to investigate the compensation capacity, effects of sterilization treatments on dry matter storage within spikelets and florets of wheat ears, growing in different temperatures during grain-filling period were tested. Alternatively proximal or distal florets from 6 spikelets in the central region were removed at different stages. — Grain weight/ear remained 40% smaller in the high compared with the low temperature level. With high temperature sterilization of proximal florets allowed more additional florets in distal positions to develop grains than with low temperature. Beyond of this in both levels single grain weights in the basal and the apical region of the ear increased. Compensation effects, especially by additional grains decreased as later the treatments were done. Relatively the grain weight loss by sterilization was compensated to a higher degree in high than in low temperatures.     

Use of Triticum tauschii to improve yield of wheat in low-yielding environments

Triticum tauschii (Coss.) Schmal. is an ancestor of bread wheat (T. aestivum). This species has been widely used as a source ofsimply-inherited traits, but there are few reports of yield increases due tointrogression of genes from this species. Selections from F₂-derivedlines of backcross derivatives of synthetic hexaploid wheats (T.turgidum / T. tauschii) were evaluated for grain yield in diverseenvironments in southern Australia. Re-selections were made in theF₆ generation and evaluated for grain yield, yield componentsincluding grain weight, and grain growth characters in diverse environmentsin southern Australia and north-western Mexico. Re-selection was effectivein identifying lines which were higher yielding than the recurrent parent,except in full-irrigation environments. Grain yields of the selectedderivatives were highest relative to the recurrent parent in thelowest-yielding environments, which experienced terminal moisture deficitand heat stress during grain filling. The yield advantage of the derivativesin these environments was not due to a change in anthesis date orgrain-filling duration, but was manifest as increased rates of grain-filling andlarger grains, indicating that T. tauschii has outstanding potential forimproving wheat for low-yielding, drought-stressed environments.