牛角瓜根的抑菌活性研究

以牛角瓜根为实验材料,采用索氏提取法,以4种不同溶剂(石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、甲醇)对牛角瓜的根进行提取,并采用纸片琼脂扩散法对粗提物的抑菌活性进行了评价,供试菌包括白色念珠菌等6种真菌和金黄色葡萄球菌等7种细菌。结果表明:石油醚粗提物对枯草芽孢杆菌、白色念珠菌、黑曲霉菌、大肠埃希氏菌都表现出良好的抑菌活性,且抑菌效果接近或优于阳性对照氟康唑,对尖孢镰刀菌和鲍曼不动杆菌也表现出良好的抑菌活性;氯仿粗提物对白色念珠菌及粪链球菌表现出良好的抑菌活性;乙酸乙酯粗提物对粪链球菌表现出最好的抑菌活性;甲醇粗提物的抑菌活性较弱。     

Equine conidiobolomycosis: A review and case study

Conidiobolus coronatus is one of the most commonly identified upper respiratory fungal pathogens in horses. This article includes a review of clinical signs, diagnostics, treatment and outcomes in previously reported cases of equine conidiobolomycosis, as well as six additional cases seen at our hospital. Each of the six horses presented with a complaint of serosanguinous or haemorrhagic nasal discharge and conidiobolomycosis was confirmed by histopathology and fungal culture. Five horses recovered after administration of antifungal drugs alone (n = 4) or in combination with extensive nasal septum resection (n = 1). Surgical treatment alone was ineffective. One horse was euthanised without treatment because of the extent of the disease.     

Treatment of mycotic tracheitis in a horse with fluconazole and systemic iodine

Fungal infections of the equine trachea have been rarely reported. This case report describes the successful treatment of a mare with fungal infection of the trachea that had severe diffuse granulomatous thickening, erosions and haemorrhage of the proximal half of the trachea. The horse was treated with oral fluconazole and systemic iodine therapy. Serial endoscopic examinations confirmed rapid resolution of the condition.     

复方氟康唑软膏临床药效试验

为研究复方氟康唑软膏对犬耳道真菌、细菌感染的治疗效果,发犬为试验用动物,采用人工感染和自然感染犬,以耳肤灵为对照,进行42d的临床药效研究。人工感染临床试验结果显示,复方氟康唑软膏和耳肤灵对犬耳道感染均有较好的治疗效果,两者无显著性差异(P>0.05);复方氟康唑软膏推荐剂量组和加倍剂量组对耳道感染的治愈率+显效率均为90%,且与空白对照组相比,差异极显著(P<0.01)。自然感染临床药效试验数据表明,耳肤灵和复方氟康唑软膏对真菌、细菌引起的耳道感染的治愈率+显效率均大于90%,且差异不显著(P>0.05),再次验证了复方氟康唑软膏推荐剂量对犬耳道细菌、真菌感染的治疗效果。表明复方氟康唑软膏推荐剂量(0.5mL/耳,1次/d,连续给药4周)可用于犬耳道细菌、真菌感染的治疗,治疗效果较好,可以在临床中推广使用。     

复方氟康唑软膏对家兔皮肤的刺激性观察

为研究复方氟康唑软膏对皮肤的刺激性,以复方制霉菌素软膏为对照药物,将8只家兔随机分为完整性皮肤试验组和破损性皮肤试验组,采用左右侧自身对比,观察复方氟康唑软膏对家兔的皮肤刺激性。结果显示,复方氟康唑软膏与复方制霉菌素软膏对完好皮肤与损伤皮肤的平均反应分值无明显差异,其中完好皮肤组家兔在给药后不同时间对两种药物的平均反应分值均低于0.5分;破损皮肤组家兔在给药后1 h和24 h对两种药物的平均反应分值均大于0.5分,但低于3.0分,给药48 h后家兔对两种药物的平均反应分值均低于0.5分。试验过程中无其他不良反应。试验表明,复方氟康唑软膏对完整皮肤无刺激性,对破损皮肤有轻度刺激性。     

An overview of antifungal drugs and their use for treatment of deep and superficial mycoses in animals

Fungal infections are often challenging to manage, given the limited numbers of therapeutics and a general lack of applicable clinical literature for their use in a given animal species. This article reviews some of the underlying principles that can affect the therapeutic outcome for a given antifungal, and provides specific information from the literature that is intended to highlight the distinctive properties of the most commonly used antifungals in veterinary medicine to better facilitate their successful application in clinical practice.     

Clinical pharmacokinetics and outcomes of oral fluconazole therapy in dogs and cats with naturally occurring fungal disease

This multi-institutional study was designed to determine the clinical pharmacokinetics of fluconazole and outcomes in client-owned dogs (n = 37) and cats (n = 35) with fungal disease. Fluconazole serum concentrations were measured. Pharmacokinetic analysis was limited to animals at steady state (≥72 hr of treatment). The mean (range) body weight in 31 dogs was 25.6 (2.8–58.2) kg and in 31 cats was 3.9 (2.4–6.1) kg included in pharmacokinetic analyses. The dose, average steady-state serum concentrations (C_SS), and oral clearance in dogs were 14.2 (4.5–21.3) mg/kg/d, 26.8 (3.8–61.5) µg/mL, and 0.63 ml min⁻¹ kg⁻¹, respectively, and in cats were 18.6 (8.2–40.0) mg/kg/d, 32.1 (1.9–103.5) µg/mL, and 0.61 ml min⁻¹ kg⁻¹, respectively. Random inter-animal pharmacokinetic variability was high in both species. Two dogs had near twofold increases in serum fluconazole when generic formulations were changed, suggesting lack of bioequivalence. Median C_SS for dogs and cats achieving clinical remission was 19.4 and 35.8 µg/ml, respectively. Starting oral doses of 10 mg/kg q12h in dogs and 50–100 mg total daily dose in cats are recommended to achieve median C_SS associated with clinical remission. Due to the large pharmacokinetic variability, individualized dose adjustments based on C_SS (therapeutic drug monitoring) and treatment failure should be considered.     

Candida albicans peritonitis in a dog

Objective – To describe the clinical management of a case of Candida albicans peritonitis in a dog and discuss the pathogenicity of Candida peritonitis along with treatment using the fungistatic agent, fluconazole.
Case Summary – A 15-week-old Papillon developed peritonitis secondary to enterectomy site dehiscence. A pure growth of Candida albicans was obtained from the abdominal fluid. Surgical repair of the dehiscence was performed and antifungal therapy instituted with fluconazole postoperatively. A marked exudative process was noted postoperatively with production of large volumes of fluid from the abdominal drain. Fresh frozen plasma and pentastarch were provided for oncotic support. Recovery was complicated by megaesophagus, however, the patient gradually improved and was discharged 11 days after surgery.
New or Unique Information Provided – To our knowledge, this is the first case report of successful treatment of Candida albicans peritonitis in a dog. A marked exudative process was noted during therapy requiring significant oncotic support. Resolution of the disease process was achieved with surgical intervention and antifungal therapy.     

氟康唑纳米乳的制备及其体外药敏试验研究

【目的】研制氟康唑纳米乳,并对其理化性质和体外抑菌活性进行考察。【方法】利用伪三元相图法筛选氟康唑纳米乳配方,用透射电镜、激光粒度分析仪对其进行形态和粒径分析,并进行稳定性考察,用微量液体稀释法进行体外药敏试验。【结果】氟康唑纳米乳中各组分的质量分数为:EL-40 26.2%,无水乙醇8.6%,乙酸丁酯3.1%,肉桂醛3.1%,氟康唑1.6%,蒸馏水57.4%。制备的氟康唑纳米乳为浅黄色澄清透明液体,透射电镜下为规则圆球形,平均粒径为15.2nm,分散性良好;经高速离心试验、热稳定性试验和光稳定性试验考察,仍保持澄清透明,未见纳米乳发生变化;药敏试验结果表明,氟康唑纳米乳对白色念珠菌和酿酒酵母菌的最小抑菌质量浓度均为0.5μg/mL,其抑菌效果明显优于氟康唑原料药和特比萘芬。【结论】成功研制了氟康唑纳米乳,其稳定性好,体外抑菌效果良好。     

Cutaneous blastomycosis in a horse

This report describes the case of a horse presented with cutaneous lesions caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis in the absence of signs of other organ involvement. Diagnosis was achieved through cytology, histopathology and culture. Surgical debulking associated with systemic therapy with oral fluconazole resulted in significant remission; however, recurrence occurred following presumed early cessation of treatment.