我国生物农药发展现状及其展望

阐述了我国生物农药的发展现状,对其中存在的问题和相应对策进行了分析,并对其发展前景进行了展望,以期促进生物农药的发展与推广。     

蔬菜种植农户对无公害农药的认知和购买意愿——基于河北省120家菜农的调查分析

为了考察我国农户对无公害农药的接受程度,从源头上保障农产品质量,笔者以河北省为例,通过问卷调查和访谈具体考察了蔬菜种植农户对无公害农药的认知程度和购买意愿.研究表明,户主年龄、文化程度、居住地到中心城市的距离是影响农户对无公害农药认知的重要因素;而无公害农药的价格、土地的获得成本、种植面积和市场检测机制直接决定着农户对无公害农药的购买意愿.     

美国EPA登记的生物农药有效成分名录

本文列出了截止2009年4月1日。美国环保局农药项目办公室公布登记的319种生物农药有效成分名单。     

Differences in the progress of the biopesticide revolution between the EU and other major crop‐growing regions

The five‐year value in the compound annual growth rate of the biopesticides sector is predicted to be 16% by 2017 and to produce a global market worth $US 10 billion. Despite this, several impediments occur within the EU that negatively affect biopesticide research and innovation. At present, there are fewer biopesticide‐active substances registered in the EU compared with the United States, India, Brazil and China. The relatively low level of biopesticide research in the EU (6880 ISI papers) versus the United States (18 839), India (9501) and China (7875) relates to the greater complexity of EU‐based biopesticide regulations compared with these other countries. In this light, it is worth noting that tensions may exist between regulators that emphasise the beneficial nature of biopesticides in environmentally friendly crop management and those that adopt a more technologically based approach dependent on a chemical‐pesticide‐driven model. Compared with the other aforementioned countries, far fewer biopesticide products are available in the EU market, mainly as a direct result of the severe regulatory factors present there. The extent to which this trend will continue depends largely on a range of interacting political and/or regulatory decisions that influence environmentally friendly agricultural industries. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

微生物源农药申嗪霉素的研制与应用

申嗪霉素是中国自主研发的一种新型微生物源农药,具有高效、安全、广谱等特点,其主要成分是甜瓜根际促生菌M18产生的次级代谢产物吩嗪-1-羧酸。文章重点就申嗪霉素产生菌M18的分离及其代谢产物的鉴定、申嗪霉素生物合成及调控机理最新研究进展、申嗪霉素高产工程菌株的构建和产业化、以及申嗪霉素大田防病试验结果及推广应用情况等进行详细综述,并对其抗菌作用机理进行探讨,旨在为申嗪霉素的生物合成机理研究、遗传和代谢改造以及推广应用提供参考。     

几种生物农药防治芦笋十四点负泥虫田间药效试验

芦笋是北京市密云县近几年新发展的产业,规模已经达333.33hm2,十四点负泥虫的发生是芦笋产业发展过程中最主要的虫害之一,制约着产业发展、影响农民增收致富,由于在防治过程中存在着采笋与打化学农药的矛盾,开展了几种生物农药防治芦笋十四点负泥虫试验,筛选出了5%天然除虫菊素乳油1000倍、1%苦皮藤素乳油70mL/667m2、0.36%苦参碱水剂1000倍、清源保600倍等几种生物农药,防治效果较好,药效持效期7d。     

两种生物农药对温室大棚秋番茄病毒病的防治效果

为减轻番茄病毒病的发生危害,采用测报调查、随机区组设计和统计分析等方法,对生物农药香菇多糖+赤·吲乙·芸苔和宁南霉素+赤·吲乙·芸苔防治番茄病毒病进行了田间药效试验。结果表明:在温室大棚秋季番茄病毒病发生较重情况下,每1hm2用0.5%香菇多糖AS 3 000mL+赤·吲乙·芸苔WP 600g、8%宁南霉素AS 900mL+赤·吲乙·芸苔WP 600g,7d施药1次,连续施用4次,药后10d、17d、26d和35d的防治效果均在88%、87%、78%和67%以上,且2种药剂防治效果差异不显著,但均极显著高于盐酸吗啉胍(对照药剂)+赤·吲乙·芸苔。     

Hydrogen cyanide production by soil bacteria: Biological control of pests and promotion of plant growth in sustainable agriculture

Currently, plant diseases and insect infestations are mainly controlled by the extraneous application of pesticides. Unfortunately, the indiscriminate use of such agrochemicals can cause ecological and environmental problems, as well as human health hazards. To obviate the potential pollution arising from the application of agrochemicals, biological control of soilborne pathogens or insect pests using antagonistic microorganisms may be employed. Certain soil bacteria, algae, fungi, plants and insects possess the unique ability to produce hydrogen cyanide(HCN), which plays an important role in the biotic interactions of those organisms. In particular, cyanogenic bacteria have been found to inhibit the growth of various pathogenic fungi, weeds, insects, termites and nematodes. Thus, the use of HCN-producing bacteria as biopesticides offers an ecofriendly approach for sustainable agriculture. The enzyme, HCN synthase,involved in the synthesis of HCN, is encoded by the hcnABC gene cluster. The biosynthetic regulation of HCN, antibiotics and fluorescent insecticidal toxins through the conserved global regulatory GacS/GacA system is elaborated in this review, including approaches that may optimize cyanogenesis for enhanced pest control. In addition, the effects of bacterially synthesized HCN on the production of indole acetic acid, antibiotics and fluorescent insecticidal toxins, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase utilization and phosphate solubilization may result in the stimulation of plant growth. A more detailed understanding of HCN biosynthesis and regulation may help to elaborate the precise role of this compound in biotic interactions and sustainable agriculture.     

Synergistic interaction of physcion and chrysophanol on plant powdery mildew

The extract of the plant Rheum officinale Baill, mainly containing the anthraquinones physcion and chrysophanol, is highly active against plant powdery mildew. Experiments were conducted in the laboratory and greenhouse to determine the interaction of the two compounds on cucumber powdery mildew [Sphaerotheca fuliginea (Schlecht.) Poll] and on wheat powdery mildew [Blumeria graminis (DC.) Speer f. sp. tritici Marchal]. Physcion was much more bioactive than chrysophanol against these powdery mildews. There was a significant synergistic interaction between the two compounds on the diseases when the ratios of physcion to chrysophanol ranged from 1:9 to 5:5. The synergistic degree increased with increase in the chrysophanol proportion in the combination. The findings indicate that, in order to ensure constant efficacy of the extract on the disease, both the contents and the proportion of the main active ingredients physcion and chrysophanol have to be determined.