The non‐target impact of spinosyns on beneficial arthropods

Spinosyn‐based products, mostly spinosad, have been widely recommended by extension specialists and agribusiness companies; consequently, they have been used to control various pests in many different cropping systems. Following the worldwide adoption of spinosad‐based products for integrated and organic farming, an increasing number of ecotoxicological studies have been published in the past 10 years. These studies are primarily related to the risk assessment of spinosad towards beneficial arthropods. This review takes into account recent data with the aim of (i) highlighting potentially adverse effects of spinosyns on beneficial arthropods (and hence on ecosystem services that they provide in agroecosystems), (ii) clarifying the range of methods used to address spinosyn side effects on biocontrol agents and pollinators in order to provide new insights for the development of more accurate bioassays, (iii) identifying pitfalls when analysing laboratory results to assess field risks and (iv) gaining increasing knowledge on side effects when using spinosad for integrated pest management (IPM) programmes and organic farming. For the first time, a thorough review of possible risks of spinosad and novel spinosyns (such as spinetoram) to beneficial arthropods (notably natural enemies and pollinators) is provided. The acute lethal effect and multiple sublethal effects have been identified in almost all arthropod groups studied. This review will help to optimise the future use of spinosad and new spinosyns in IPM programmes and for organic farming, notably by preventing the possible side effects of spinosyns on beneficial arthropods. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

五种生物农药防治大叶黄杨斑蛾药效试验

田问药效试验结果表明，1％甲维盐EC2000倍、25g／L菜喜SCl000倍、16000IU／mg苏云金杆茵WP200倍、0．3％苦参碱ASl000倍、森得保WPl000倍对大叶黄杨斑蛾3～4龄幼虫均有良好的防治效果，药后3d均停止取食，保叶效果优良，校正虫口减退率分别为96．4％、94．1％、76．0％、100．0％、87．4％；药后7d校正虫口减退率均达100．0％。5种生物农药可在园林绿地中推广应用，其中以甲维盐和森得保使用成本低，值得大面积推广使用。     

生物农药产业竞争力分析

本文以调查资料为依据，从生物农药产业竞争力着手，应用迈克尔&;#183;波特的国家竞争优势理论和SWOT分析法，系统地分析了生物农药产业结构、演变压产业环境，从而明确了中国生物农药产业的现状和存在问题。     

内源性土壤苏云金杆菌(BRC-ZYR2)对含氧铬还原的影响研究

Chromium（Cr） may cause losses in the yield of field plant, which is one of the favorite habitats of Bacillus thuringiensis（Bt）. The purposes of our study were to assess the Cr（VI）-resistance and Cr（VI）-reducing abilities of an indigenous soil isolate of Bt and to determine the factors governing Cr（VI） reduction. Towards this end a novel dichromate-reducing Bt BRC-ZYR2, characterized with insecticidal crystal proteins（ICPs）, was isolated from a uranium deposit. Minimum inhibitory concentrations（MICs） of Cr（VI） were determined by broth dilution method and the concentrations of Cr（VI） and total Cr in the supernatant were quantified colorimetrically using 1,5-diphenylcarbazide（DPC） reagent and a mixture of sulfuric-nitric acids, respectively. The isolate contained five ICP genes（cry1Ba, cry1 Bb, cry1Be/cry1 Bf, cry9 Ca and cry9Da） and exhibited a high level of Cr（VI） resistance with MICs of 150 mg L-1at pH 7.0 and 30？C, and 500 mg L-1under optimal conditions（pH 9.0 and 40？C）. The total Cr concentration was similar to initial concentration of Cr（VI） under the optimal condition, suggesting that the essential removal of the Cr（VI） was dependent on Bt reduction. Under optimal conditions, the initial Cr（VI） concentrations from 25 to 75 mg L-1significantly decreased in 24 h after incubation. Addition of Mn2＋, Co2＋, Mo2＋and Cu2＋activated Bt-mediated Cr（VI） reduction, while Zn2＋, Ni2＋and glucose were found to inhibit the reduction. Our results indicated that this isolate could be a promising biopesticide with the potential for both insect biocontrol and Cr bioremediation in the field.     

绿色木霉TR-8发酵工艺条件筛选

通过正交试验设计方法，以麸皮、稻草、玉米粉等农副产品为原料，摸索木霉发酵工艺条件，结果表明，固体培养基配比为，麸皮：稻壳：稻草：玉米粉=6：1：3：1．2，含水量为同体原料的1．5倍。并对比了固液两种发酵方式的产孢效果。     

生物农药与设施农业病害的防治

设施农业是我国传统农业向现代农业转变的主要形式之一，同时为我国无公害农业的产业化经营提代了设施保障。植物病害频繁发生是威胁设施农业发展的主要限制因子，目前由于采用化学防治措施所带来的病害抗药性、农药残留和环境污染等问题已无法满足设施农业生产优质农副产品的要求，所以生物农药的研发与应用，为解决这一难题提供了技术保证，生物农药产业化、生物农药的质量监测与风险评估、加大对生物农药开发扶持力度，是我国设施农业病害生物防治中亟等解决的问题。     

转基因植物农药的毒理学评价

本文从现有农药分类入手,介绍了生物农药的一般概念,特别是植物农药（Plant-Incorporated-Protectants,PIPs）的概念及其安全性评价原则。并以B.t10转基因玉米为例,详细解析了PIPs农药毒理学安全性评价的靶标——蛋白及相关遗传物质如蛋白编码基因、标志基因、报告基因;一般资料要求,如毒性、致敏性、抗药性和非预期效应;评价原则和决策依据,为今后评价此类农药奠定基础。     

四种植物源化合物对亚洲小车蝗存活率、解毒酶和保护酶活性的影响

为开发防控亚洲小车蝗Oedaleus asiaticus的生物农药,本研究于室内测定芦丁、单宁酸、烟碱和苦参碱4种植物源化合物处理后亚洲小车蝗3龄蝗蝻的存活率以及体内活性氧簇(reactive oxygen species,ROS)浓度、3种解毒酶和3种保护酶的活性。结果显示:芦丁、单宁酸、烟碱和苦参碱处理后,亚洲小车蝗3龄蝗蝻的存活率分别为43.63%、62.65%、25.91%和16.62%,亚洲小车蝗3龄蝗蝻体内ROS浓度分别为263.56、186.94、351.62和392.13 pg/g,超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性分别为562.19、362.63、679.36、659.23 U/g,过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性分别为236.27、189.25、295.36和315.66 U/g,过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)活性分别为326.89、296.97、392.16和386.29 U/g,细胞色素P450(cytochrome P450,CYP450)活性分别为359.23、367.16、382.79和435.65 U/g,谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(glutathione S-transferases,GST)活性分别为196.63、136.68、278.37和327.16 U/g,羧酸酯酶(carboxylesterases,CarE)活性分别为413.62、365.37、395.27和469.30 U/g;4个处理的存活率、ROS浓度、CAT活性、POD活性、CYP450活性和CarE活性均与对照之间差异显著;烟碱和苦参碱毒性表现最强,芦丁和单宁酸次之。表明这4种植物源化合物在亚洲小车蝗绿色防控和生物农药开发方面均具有潜力。     

B96-Ⅱ发酵液对辣椒病害的防治及对植株的促生效果

为了探明B96-Ⅱ发酵液对辣椒病害的防治效果,进行了B96-Ⅱ发酵液对辣椒病害的防治及对植物促生效果的室内和田间试验。平皿试验结果表明,B96-II发酵液(1010¹011cfu/mL)对辣椒枯萎病菌、辣椒疫病菌、辣椒黑斑病菌有明显的抑制作用,在稀释100倍以上浓度(>1081011cfu/mL)对辣椒枯萎病菌、辣椒疫病菌、辣椒黑斑病菌有明显的抑制作用,在稀释100倍以上浓度(>108¹09cfu/mL),对3种病菌的生长完全抑制;在稀释102109cfu/mL),对3种病菌的生长完全抑制;在稀释102¹08倍(102108倍(102¹08cfu/mL)时,对辣椒枯萎病菌生长速率抑制率为62.71%108cfu/mL)时,对辣椒枯萎病菌生长速率抑制率为62.71%⁹3.22%,对辣椒疫病菌抑制率为71.07%93.22%,对辣椒疫病菌抑制率为71.07%⁹2.56%,对辣椒黑斑病菌的抑制率为91.74%92.56%,对辣椒黑斑病菌的抑制率为91.74%⁹7.52%。田间试验结果表明,B96-Ⅱ发酵液(500倍)间隔30 d进行2次灌根后,35 d的防治效果为80.3%,复方多菌灵为37.9%,70 d后B96-Ⅱ发酵液的防治效果仍为78.3%,而复方多菌灵仅为8.4%;B96-Ⅱ对辣椒植株有明显促生作用,与对照相比,植株高度提高16.1%,鲜质量提高33.5%,结实率提高23.8%,果实质量增加38.8%。