Polymerisation of gluten proteins in developing wheat grain as affected by desiccation

The breadmaking quality of wheat is affected by the composition of gluten proteins and the polymerisation of subunits that are synthesised and accumulated in developing wheat grain. The biological mechanisms and time course of these events during grain development are documented, but not widely confirmed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to monitor the accumulation of gluten protein subunits and the size distribution of protein aggregates during grain development. The effect of desiccation on the polymerisation of gluten proteins and the functional properties of gluten were also studied. The results showed that the size of glutenin polymers remained consistently low until yellow ripeness (YR), while it increased during grain desiccation after YR. Hence, this polymerisation process was presumed to be initiated by desiccation. A similar polymerisation event was also observed when premature grains were dried artificially. The composition of gluten proteins, the ratios of glutenin to gliadin and high molecular weight-glutenin subunits to low molecular weight-glutenin subunits, in premature grain after artificial desiccation showed close association with the size of glutenin polymers in artificially dried grain. Functional properties of gluten in these samples were also associated with polymer size after artificial desiccation.     

Responses of glutamine synthetase activity and gene expression to nitrogen levels in winter wheat cultivars with different grain protein content

Glutamine synthetase (GS) plays a central role in plant nitrogen (N) metabolism, which improves crops grain protein content. A pot experiment in field condition was carried out to evaluate GS expression and activity, and grain protein content in high (Wanmai16) and low grain protein (Loumai24) wheat cultivars under two N levels (0.05 and 0.15 g N kg⁻¹ soil). High nitrogen (HN) resulted in significant increases in GS1 and GS2 expression at 10 days after anthesis (DAA), and higher GS activity during the entire grain filling stage. HN also significantly increased yield, grain protein content and protein fraction (except for glutenin of Luomai24) in two wheat cultivars, which indicated that it increased grain yield and protein content by improving nitrogen metabolism. Wanmai16 showed higher grain protein content, gliadin and glutenin content, and had higher expression level of GS2 both in flag leaves and grains at early grain filling stage. However, Luomai24 had greater yield and higher expression level of GS1. The difference expression of GS2 and GS1 genes indicates they had various contributions to the accumulation of protein and starch in wheat grains, respectively. The results suggest that GS2 would be serving as a potential breeding target for improving wheat quality.     

不同抗旱性小麦品种花后旗叶生化特性的研究

在控水条件下,比较了17个小麦品种的抗旱性差别以及花后旗叶的SOD、CAT、脯氨酸、可溶蛋白,可溶性糖含量的变化,探讨了其抗旱性的生化机制。结果表明,3类抗旱性不同品种的上述生化指标变化趋势相似,抗旱性强的小麦品种在花后其抗旱性生化指标含量明显高于其他2类品种,随着水分胁迫的继续,减少幅度也比较缓和。开花7 d后的SOD含量、花后CAT、脯氨酸含量、开花14 d后的可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量能更好地区分小麦品种的抗旱性。     

人工辅助授粉的理论与技术研究Ⅱ．振动对开花的影响

振动使父本平均花时显著提前。大约在盛花前１ｈ，花丝开始伸长，对振动最敏感。振动后１５ｍｉｎ内开花量激增。振动破坏了开花频率的正态分布。不育系对振动的反应不如常规稻敏感。     

花期渍害胁迫下冬油菜生长及产量模拟研究

渍害是长江流域油菜生产中的多发性气象灾害,为了定量研究花期渍害影响下油菜生长及产量,预报及防控油菜花期渍害影响,以浙平四号和华油杂16为试验材料,通过分析花期渍害对浙平四号油菜生长及产量的影响规律,提出了油菜地上部单株干重、产量及产量构成渍害影响因子,初步建立了花期渍害影响下油菜地上部单株干重、产量及产量构成模型,渍害干物重影响因子为一元二次方程,渍害产量影响因子则呈对数方程。经利用水分控制盆栽试验资料检验,结果表明华油杂16油菜地上部单株干重及单株产量实测值与模拟值相关系数(r)、绝对误差(da)、绝对误差占实测值比率(dap)以及RMSE值分别为0.949 9、0.89 g/株、4.55%及1.09 g;0.920 1、7.89 g/株、39.02%及8.58 g/株。花期渍害下油菜地上部单株干重模拟精度较高,而单株产量的模拟精度较低,说明花期渍害在盆栽试验条件下的表现与田间试验有明显不同。所建模型可与本项目组先期研制的油菜生长模型结合,在进一步检验并获得区域和地点尺度天气预报、模型参数后可用于花期渍害发生时油菜生长及产量预报。     

不同管理方式对小麦氮素吸收、分配及去向的影响

【目的】随着氮肥在农业生产中的广泛应用,已有许多通过不同施氮水平调控,分析作物养分吸收,提高氮素利用率的相关研究,但是关于高产体系下作物花前花后氮素利用、转移规律的研究相对较少。本文探讨传统（CT）和优化（YH）两种栽培体系对冬小麦氮素吸收、分配及去向的影响。分析高产条件下化肥氮的作物吸收土壤残留损失的新变化,解析小麦花前花后氮素利用、转移规律,探讨肥料氮、土壤氮与作物氮之间的关系。【方法】在传统和优化两种栽培体系定位试验中设置15N 微区,采用将15N 标记的尿素表施的方法,通过测定植株、土壤样品分析氮素利用特征。新鲜土壤 NH+4-N和NO-3-N 含量采用TRACCS 2000型流动分析仪测定。15N土壤及植物全氮用美国THERMO finnigan 公司的稳定同位素质谱仪Delta plusXP 测定。【结果】在该试验条件下,优化管理小麦籽粒产量和吸氮量均显著高于传统处理,分别比传统管理高35%和34%。优化管理15N利用率比传统管理高,差异达显著水平。小麦各器官中氮素的累积量及向籽粒中的转移量均表现为来自土壤氮高于来自肥料中的氮,说明土壤氮是小麦生长的主要氮源。传统管理籽粒氮素大部分来源于花前累积,转运氮的贡献率为81.65%,优化管理为62.14%。优化管理土壤硝态氮及15N含量显著低于传统管理;开花期传统管理土壤表层硝态氮及15N大量累积;收获后4060 cm土层15N 出现累积峰,氮肥随水向下运移。两种管理方式的小麦当季化肥去向均表现为土壤残留作物吸收损失;传统管理土壤氮肥残留率高达 69.33%,优化管理较低,为39.17%。【结论】在优化栽培体系中冬小麦施氮量为139 kg/hm2 时,小麦籽粒产量达到高产且氮肥高效利用。合理调控氮素投入量以及适度的水分胁迫可以实现水氮高效前提下的作物高产。     

Hull to caryopsis adhesion and grain skinning in malting barley: Identification of key growth stages in the adhesion process

Strong adhesion between the hull and the caryopsis is essential for barley to be of good malting quality. Poor hull adhesion, a condition known as grain skinning, is undesirable for malting and downstream processes. At present, the processes mediating hull adhesion during grain development are poorly understood. The barley cultivar Chariot was grown in greenhouse conditions and grain development was recorded at defined growth stages to examine the timing of hull adhesion. Initiation of adhesion was first observed when caryopsis fresh weight and volume were approaching their maximum at 19 days after anthesis, during early dough. Hull adhesion was complete by 27 days after anthesis, or soft dough. Sections of developing grains were observed using light and transmission electron microscopy to examine a lipid-rich cementing layer believed to be responsible for adhesion between the hull and the pericarp. Evidence for a lipid-rich cementing material was supported by the observation that neither pectinase nor cellulase effected hull loosening. Grain growth, the presence of globular material originating from the pericarp and an electron dense material in the cementing layer are discussed in relation to hull adhesion. Grain skinning could be caused by poor adherence of cuticular material or inadequate fusion between cuticles.     

Influence of staggered sown Spring sunflower (Helianthus Annuus L.) at varying intra–row spacing and applied–N on pre– and post–anthesis N dynamics and dry matter partitioning in Indo–Gangetic Plains Region

In current study, dry–matter accumulation (DMA), pre– and post–anthesis nitrogen (N) accumulation, N translocation (NT) and dry–matter partitioning by sunflower seeds was investigated under three sowing dates (January 20, February 10 & March 2), two intra–row spacings (30 & 24 cm) and four nitrogen doses (0, 45, 60 & 75 kg ha^–1) in two alluvial soils. Early sowing resulted in higher DMA and NT; leading to higher nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) that could be associated with higher pre–anthesis N accumulation. The closer intra–row spacing resulted in higher DMA by all plant parts except seed. Each graded N dose improved DMA, but improvement in dry–matter partitioning to seed was significant up to 60 and 75 kg N ha^–1 during 2014 and 2015, respectively owing to higher NT under respective treatments. NUE was highest at 60 kg N ha^–1 during both years.     

不同施氮量对花后高温春小麦叶绿素含量及荧光特性的影响

[目的]研究不同施氮量对花后高温下春小麦叶绿素荧光特性的影响,为分析氮素营养调控春小麦高温危害的内在机理提供理论依据.[方法]以宁春4号和宁春47号为材料,设施纯氮120 kg/ha(N1)、240 kg/ha(N2)和300 kg/ha(N3)3个施氮量处理,以不施氮为对照(CK),于花后18~22 d进行(35±2)℃高温处理,测定花后7、14、23、28和33 d不同处理的叶绿素含量及荧光参数.[结果]高温胁迫后(花后23~33 d),与CK相比,3个氮肥处理整体上可增加宁春4号和宁春47号的叶片SPAD值、最大荧光(Fm)和可变荧光(Fv),降低初始荧光(Fo),使Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm上升、Fo/Fm下降,其中N1和N2处理较CK增加或降低的幅度较明显.同时,花后23~28 d,N1和N2处理的单位反应中心吸收的光能(ABS/RC)、单位反应中心捕获的用于还原QA的能量(TR0/RC)和单位反应中心耗散的能量(DI0/RC)显著高于CK(P<0.05,下同),花后33 d时显著低于CK;单位反应中心捕获的用于电子传递的能量(ET0/RC)在花后23~33 d均表现为N2>N1>N3>CK.[结论]适量施用氮肥可缓解高温对春小麦光合器官结构和功能的伤害,有助于提高其光合性能.