Marker‐assisted breeding for improvement of anaerobic germination in japonica rice (Oryza sativa)

Direct seeding is increasingly being practiced in rice cultivation areas because it saves labour and reduces cost of production and management. In this study, four japonica‐type breeding lines were developed from a cross of a japonica cultivar and an AG‐tolerant donor, KHO, using marker‐assisted selection. Validation of the target genes AG1 and AG2 in the selected lines was examined by PCR analysis and the background recovery rate by the recurrent parent was confirmed by genotyping using a 6K SNP chip. Compared to the recurrent, the survival rates of the selected lines were improved in a range from 33% to 115% in three conditions; in particular, the survival rate was increased in more than twice that of the recurrent parent under the hypoxic condition. The main agronomic trait, yield and quality‐related traits were similar to those of the recurrent parent. The use of these lines will contribute to the expansion of the cultivation area due to the proven economic benefits of direct seeding in Korea.     

打捆秸秆干湿联合发酵工艺技术研究

为充分利用厌氧干发酵工艺批次处理能力强并有效克服其物料发酵不彻底导致的产气效率低的难题,引入干湿联合厌氧发酵工艺。以水稻秸秆和新鲜猪粪为发酵原料,在35℃及发酵底物初始TS浓度为20%条件下进行厌氧干发酵,其中一组处理在实验第20 d时用纯净水将发酵底物TS浓度调节为9%改为湿发酵,两者对比结果表明:相比于干发酵,该干湿联合厌氧发酵工艺可有效提高稻秸纤维素和半纤维素的降解率,其中纤维素降解率可由20.5%提高到31.1%,半纤维素降解率可由48%提高到54.8%,虽对产气中甲烷含量影响不大,但试验周期内物料累积产气量可提高19%以上。     

过滤后养猪废水厌氧发酵与固氮技术研究

为探究养殖废水高效处理方法,文章采用粉碎玉米秸秆过滤养殖废水中悬浮性固体,并对过滤后养猪废水作厌氧发酵和固氮研究。经过滤,总固体(TS)去除率达47.55%,在中温(35±2)℃条件下,研究5、15、25 d 3种不同水力停留时间(HRT),过滤后养猪废水全混合厌氧发酵特性。厌氧发酵过程运行稳定,产生沼气甲烷含量均稳定在70%左右,当水力停留时间为15 d时,产甲烷效率为239.17 mL CH4/gVS,溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)去除率60.94%。沼液采用鸟粪石沉淀法固氮处理,经过试验参数优化在物质的量比n(Mg2+)n(PO43-):n(NH4+)=1.021.061、pH为9.6条件下,氨氮(TAN)去除率达86.66%,处理后沼液中氨氮浓度为160 mg·L-1,研究结果可为养猪废水资源化利用提供参考。     

Effects of AG1 and AG2 QTLs on Nonstructural Carbohydrate and Seed Management Options for Rice Seedling Growth and Establishment under Flooding Stress

Rice (Oryza sativa) plants acquired excess photosynthates in the form of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) in their stems and grain. Despite keen interest in rice NSC, the dynamics of NSC accumulation, translocation and re-accumulation have not yet been well investigated. AG1 and AG2 QTLs associated with flooding tolerance through catalyzing starch into soluble sugar in germinating seeds. Here we conducted three experiments, greenhouse and field to lay the groundwork for large-scale diversity studies on grain NSC and some agronomic traits under direct-seeded rice (DSR) system, using elite lines incorporating AG1, AG2 and AG1-AG2 QTLs into the popular varieties PSB Rc82 and Ciherang-Sub1 along with the donors Kho Hlan On (AG1) and Ma-Zhan Red (AG2). In germinating seedlings, soluble sugars increased, while starch concentration decreased gradually especially in the tolerant checks and AG1-AG2 introgression lines under flooded soil. Soluble sugar accumulation in stem started to increase from the vegetative stage and peaked at the panicle initiation stage then gradually decreased towards the maturity stage. But Sub1-AG lines had higher sugar and starch concentrations at different growth stages than other genotypes in wet season 2016 and dry season 2017. Plant survival rate was positively correlated with the stem NSC at the early vegetative stage (21 days after sowing), and stem NSC was positively associated with plant height at different growth stages. Among the tested seeding rate, the most suitable seeding rate, 4 g/m² with shallow burial depth (0.5 cm), resulted in better seedling establishment, relatively higher seedling vigor index and higher leaf area index under flooding in DSR system. Introgression of AG1-AG2 QTLs had no any negative impact on nonstructural carbohydrate, germination rate, and growth and biomass production.     

竹鼠肠道中厌氧纤维素降解菌的分离与鉴定

本试验旨在从竹鼠肠道中分离厌氧纤维素降解菌并鉴定。取中华竹鼠盲肠内容物稀释,采用含2种不同纤维素[微晶纤维素(MCC)和羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)]的培养基在厌氧条件下对纤维素降解菌进行初筛,后又经以纤维二糖为唯一碳源的培养基的多次复筛,选出的菌株进行经形态学和分子生物学的鉴定。结果表明:经过初筛和复筛,筛选出了2株厌氧纤维素降解菌。初筛培养基采用MCC和CMC-Na最终筛选出的2株纤维素降解菌的纤维素酶活力分别为6.599和5.268U/m L。菌株经PCR鉴定、测序,用所得序列构建系统发育树,得出这2株菌与酪酸梭状芽孢杆菌(Clostridium butyricum)具有很高的同源性,达99%,二者均属于梭菌属(Clostridium)。本试验从竹鼠盲肠中成功筛选出2株纤维素降解菌,经鉴定确定属于梭菌属。     

地下水三氯甲烷污染的微生物治理实验研究

在厌氧环境中,以三氯甲烷为靶污染物,分6种条件加入不同共代谢基质对厌氧生物污泥分别进行驯化培养。将得到的可降解三氯甲烷的微生物菌群富集培养,分别投入模拟净化装置进行处理实验。实验结果表明,在厌氧条件下,三氯甲烷能够被微生物降解,加入共代谢基质后可提高降解效率。不同基质环境中降解效率不同,以葡萄糖和甲醇为共代谢基质驯化出的微生物菌群对污染物去除率可达到75%。     

复合菌剂在蔬菜废弃物厌氧堆肥中的应用方法比较

文章对蔬菜废弃物厌氧堆肥中菌剂的应用方法进行了比较.结果表明,处理3(每1000 kg蔬菜废弃物中添加0.2kg白糖和复合菌剂10 L组合的厌氧覆膜型堆肥)菌剂应用效果最好.该处理堆肥过程温度上升最快,最高温度达63℃;有机质含量高达1.49％;氮、磷、钾含量都较高,分别高出大田土样的12.24％,104.54％,1793.03％.在蔬菜废弃物堆肥各处理中,钾素的增加量极为显著,比大田土样增加4倍以上.     

吸附型添加剂对玉米秸秆厌氧消化的影响

为解决秸秆沼气工程中存在的原料转化率低、消化时间长等问题,选取吸附型添加剂(麦饭石、沸石)作为厌氧消化调节剂,研究比较不同比例的添加剂对消化原料的降解率、产气率等方面的影响.结果表明,吸附型添加剂在消化过程中起到了微生物载体的作用,有利于菌种的富集.添加麦饭石有利于日产气峰值的提前出现,添加10％麦饭石比添加15％麦饭石的日产气效果好,其最高的日产气峰值为1212 mL.添加沸石有利于累计产气量的增加,添加15％沸石比添加10％沸石的累计产气量高50.74％,其最高的净累计产气量为19519 mL.     

硫酸盐对木糖废水厌氧处理的影响

在中温35℃±1℃条件下,对含高浓度硫酸盐的木糖生产废水进行了厌氧消化研究,主要研究了pH值和COD/SO42-比值等因素对COD,、SO42-去除率、以及它们之间关系的影响.实验证明,投加铁离子是解除硫化物抑制的有效方法;在中性及偏酸环境中有利于COD的去除;当COD/SO42-的比值大于2.78时,COD的去除率几乎不受COD/SO42-比值的影响.     

内循环厌氧反应器三相分离器性能的研究

三相分离器是厌氧反应器的核心部件,三相分离器研究的重点和难点在于揭示气液固三相分离过程。文章通过建立冷模实验系统探究了三相分离器气体分离收集的过程,并考察了曝气量、进水量对气相带水量、气相带水能力、颗粒流失等三相分离器性能的影响。研究结果表明:气相在三角堰内完成分离收集然后汇聚到集气室内,最后夹带一定量的液体由提升管排出;随着曝气量的增加,气泡逃逸量有所增加,颗粒流失加大,气相带水量不断增加,但是气相带水能力先增加后降低;进水量的变化不影响三相分离器的运行效果。研究结果为三相分离器的设计及稳定运行提供了理论基础。