祁连圆柏林地不同除草方式对杂草群落及其多样性的影响

在甘肃省张掖市龙渠祁连圆柏林内采用群落生态学方法研究了化学除草、人工除草及化学除草+人工除草对祁连圆柏林杂草群落及其多样性的影响。结果表明,化学除草试验区杂草为5科15种,人工除草试验区杂草为9科20种,化学除草+人工除草试验区杂草为6科16种,对照区杂草为14科30种。化学除草处理区的杂草物种丰富度指数、Shannon多样性指数和Shannon均匀度指数最低,人工除草处理区最高,表明化学除草对祁连圆柏林杂草多样性的影响最大。在祁连圆柏林地防除杂草,采取化学除草+人工除草的方式比较适宜。     

Variation in understory structure and plant species diversity influenced by silvicultural treatments among 21- to 26-year-old Picea glehnii plantations

We investigated effects of silvicultural treatments (planting and subsequent treatments) on understory structure and plant species diversity in managed Picea glehnii plantations (21–26 years old) in northern Japan. We evaluated the importance of each treatment (machinery site preparation, planting, weeding, and thinning) in 19 plantations, with considerable variation among treatments overall. The understory had 98 vascular plant species; the most dominant species was a dwarf bamboo Sasa senanensis, followed by tree species Abies sachalinensis and Betula ermanii. Multiple regression analyses showed that thinning negatively influenced plant species diversity. Planting density showed a strong positive correlation with density of seedlings (height <20 cm), but few independent variables were correlated with density of saplings (height ≥20 cm and diameter at breast height <1 cm). The negative effect of thinning and the positive effect of planting density seem to be related to the existence or reinitiation of dense cover of Sasa senanensis. We present possible mechanisms of response to treatments to generalize the results. We then suggest ways to improve current treatments to meet the goals of wood production and biodiversity conservation in the region.     

毛竹扩鞭成林新竹生长效果研究

对毛竹林周边扩鞭成林试验表明，不同扩鞭成林措施对扩展区域内新竹的数量和质量指标均有一定的影响，其中，不同措施对新竹株数、扩展范围的影响极显著，对退笋率、胸径的影响显著，对新竹高的影响不显著。施肥措施的新竹扩展范围大、退笋率低；深翻垦复措施的新竹株数多；复合措施的效果更好。随着坡位的降低，毛竹扩鞭成林的新竹数量指标和质量指标均呈变好的趋势。研究结果可为毛竹扩鞭成林提供参考。     

Effects of management, environment and landscape conditions on establishment of hardwood seedlings and saplings in central Japanese coniferous plantations

There is an increasing need to restore natural hardwood forests in landscapes dominated by monocultural conifer plantations. A convenient restoration approach is to exploit natural regeneration processes. Natural regeneration, however, is affected by diverse interacting factors, for which better understanding is required, in order to optimize restoration programs. To identify optimal management practices for improving natural regeneration of hardwood trees in coniferous plantations, we examined the effects of multiple factors on the abundance of seedlings, small saplings and large saplings (height <0.3, 0.3-1.3 and ?1.3 m, respectively) of hardwood tree and shrub species in both line thinned (LT) and unthinned (UT) plantations of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) and hardwood forests (HF) in central Japan. The effects of management practices (number of the times of weeding and cleaning, thinning method, years after thinning and forest age), environment (slope position, slope angle and canopy openness), and landscape conditions (distance from nearest hardwood forest, altitude and landuse before planting) on the number of hardwood individuals were examined by using the data obtained from the LT plantations. We also compared hardwood density between LT and UT plantations to examine the effect of line thinning. Finally, we examined species composition of LT plantations and HF to identify hardwood forest components in the thinned plantations. The effects on hardwood regeneration of environmental conditions, landscape factors and management practices applied in the plantations varied, depending on the size class and life form of the regenerating species. The abundance of large saplings of tall tree species was affected by several management factors, especially number of the times of weeding. Landscape conditions (distance from the nearest hardwood forest and altitude) affected the abundance of small saplings and seedlings of tall tree species, but not the other classes. Seedlings and small saplings of many tall tree species that contribute to hardwood forest canopies were less abundant in the LT plantations. The results show that numerous factors affect the establishment and abundance of naturally regenerating hardwood tree species, and suggest that successful establishment during early plantation stages can have long-lasting effects on natural regeneration of tall tree species.     

晋南夏播花生田2种除草剂药效试验

为了明确88%乙草胺EC和15%精喹禾灵EC两种除草剂在晋南夏播花生田对杂草的防除效果,进行了除草剂在花生播后苗前土壤处理和苗后茎叶喷施试验。结果表明：15%精喹禾灵EC药剂选用450 g/hm2剂量,88%乙草胺EC选用1500 g/hm2可达到理想的防除效果。结果为合理利用除草剂提供科学依据。     

几种化学除草剂对甜高粱除草效果的比较

[目的]比较几种除草剂的除草效果。[方法]以甜高粱杂交种“天青一号”为供试作物,防效和株高为指标,通过苗前、苗后大田药效试验,研究几种除草剂的除草效果及对甜高梁的安全性。[结果]在该试验条件下,除草剂莠去津在播后苗前用药量为6．000kg／hm2时防效较好,而在苗后用药量为10．390kg／hm2时防效为佳,并且苗后比苗前用药的除草效果要好。不同除草剂在苗后同一施药时期防除杂草的效果不同。38％莠去津防效均高于72％乳油2,4．滴丁酯和48％排草丹,总防效达到94．7％,且对杂交甜高粱生长影响最小,苗后1次用药即可取得比较理想的除草效果。[结论]该研究为甜高粱地杂草的防治提供了科学依据。     

稻茬小麦免耕栽培技术

WANG Jin-hua(Shanghai Guangming Qianjin Farm Co.,Ltd.,Shanghai 202179)     

农达(草甘膦)使用技术简析

介绍了农达(草甘膦)在不同的环境条件具体操作技术。     

Efficiency and energy use in puddling of lowland rice grown on Vertisols in Central India

Transplanting of rice seedling in puddled soil is one of the most widely used cultivation practices. The present research is aimed at determining what specific implements are needed to obtain optimal puddle bed for transplantating. Puddling experiments were carried out by the use of pair of bullocks with traditional country plough (T₁), pair of bullocks with lug wheel puddler (T₂), power tiller with rotary puddler (T₃), tractor with cage wheel and 9-tine cultivator (T₄) and tractor with cage wheel and rotavator (T₅). One summer ploughing was done at friable moisture condition (18.6% db) and then tilled soil was flooded to saturation (24 h) for preparation of puddled bed. Weeding efficiency, puddling depth, percentage increase in bulk density, puddling index, percolation rate and grain yield of paddy were studied for the above treatments. Puddling performance by different implements in comparison to the traditional animal drawn country plough (T₁) shows that there is a definite reduction in time requirement for field preparation. Increase in weeding efficiency, bulk density, grain yield and puddling index were also observed. The highest values of weeding efficiency and puddling index were found 98.6% and 79.3, respectively, for rotavator (T₅). The total time requirement for preparation of puddle field for treatment T₄ (tractor with cultivator) was found to be the lowest (9.4 h ha⁻¹) with 67% weeding efficiency and 62.7 puddling index as compared to all other alternatives tested. Energy requirement for preparation of puddle field was found highest (2390 MJ ha⁻¹) for rotavator (T₅) followed by T₃, T₄, T₁, and T₂ treatments.     

An evaluation of one example of biotope roof in Japan: Plant development and invertebrate colonisation after 8 years

Biotope roofs in Japan are usually intensive green roofs that primarily include native plants and food plants for invertebrates and a pond and stones to create a wide range of habitats. The study aimed to evaluate the survivability of planted species, and colonisation by plants and invertebrates on a biotope roof and to suggest an appropriate planting design and maintenance scheme to optimize biodiversity benefits. An intensive green roof (150 m², substrate depth of 50 cm) was installed in 2002 on the ninth storey of a building at Chiba University, Japan. Twelve species of trees, 18 species of shrubs and 8 species of forbs (mainly native species) were planted and volcanic stones were used as mulch and to create habitats for invertebrates. No maintenance and no irrigation were applied for almost 8 years. A limited number of tree species, such as Myrica rubra and Cinnamomum camphora could grew well without maintenance and irrigation at a substrate depth of 50 cm. Overall, shrubs grew successfully and a high density planting seemed effective in increasing wind resistance. Most forbs disappeared, probably because of drought and competition with these colonising plants. Eleven plant species spontaneously colonised resulting in domination by Solidago altissima and Miscanthus sinensis. These two species were too aggressive, and selective weeding is required for species richness. In an invertebrate study, 46 species in 11 orders were observed and the highest number of invertebrate species was observed in the pond and shady areas.