An integrated hydro-economic modelling framework to evaluate water allocation strategies II: Scenario assessment

In this paper the results of an assessment of the hydrological and economic implications of reallocating water in the Musi sub-basin, a catchment within the Krishna Basin in India, are reported. Policy makers identified a number of different but plausible scenarios that could apply in the sub-basin, involving; supplying additional urban demand from agricultural allocations of water, implementing a number of demand management strategies, changing the timing of releases for hydropower generation, changing the crops grown under irrigation, reducing existing stream flows and allowing for more environmental flows. The framework chosen to undertake this assessment was a simulation model that measures and compares the economic values of water allocation scenarios determined from a water allocation model that accounts for supplies of groundwater and surface water across a number of regions and over a variety of uses. Policy makers are provided with the range of measures on the security of the supply of water and the social costs and benefits of reallocating water between sectors and across regions within the sub-basin. Taking water from agriculture to supply urban users has a greater impact on irrigation supplies during dry years. It was also found that changing the allocation of water between sectors, by taking it away from agriculture had a large positive economic impact on the urban sector. Yet the costs involved in undertaking such a strategy results in a significant loss in the net present value of the scheme. Stream flow reductions, if significantly large (at around 20%), were found to have a large physical and economic impact on the agricultural sector. Implementing water saving strategies in Hyderabad was found to be more cost effective than taking water from agriculture, if rainwater tanks are used to achieve this. Changing the timing of hydropower flows resulted in best meeting of irrigation demand in NSLC and NSRC. Under this scenario, the crops grown under irrigation were found to have a significant economic impact on the sub-basin, but not as large as farmers undertaking crop diversification strategies, ones which result in farmers growing less rice. The security of supplying water to different agricultural zones has significantly improved under this scenario. Finally, releasing water for environmental purposes was found to have only a minor impact on the agricultural sector.     

抗仔猪早期断奶应激(EWS)和断奶后应激性疾病(WSD)的研究——富马酸等对WSD防制效果与体重增长影响的试验观察

试验采用２８日龄断奶的大长杂种仔猪１４４头，分为４组每组３６头，Ⅰ组为对照，日粮中不加酸，Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组在断奶前１０ｄ和断奶后１０ｄ日粮中分别添加１．５％柠檬酸、１．５％富马酸和１．５％３３１复合酸，以观察对提高早期断奶仔猪抗应激能力和生产性能，以及防制或减少ＷＳＤ的效果。试验结果：（１）Ⅰ，Ⅱ，Ⅲ，Ⅳ组在断奶后试验期间（２８～５８日龄），ＷＳＤ发病率分别为７７．７７％，４４．４４％，２２．２２％和１６．６６％；死亡率分别为１３．８８％，８．３３％，５．５５％和５．５５％；存活率分别为８６．１２％，９１．６７％，９４．４５％和９４．４５％．结果表明，柠檬酸、富马酸和３３１复合酸都有抗应激和防制ＷＳＤ的效果，其中以富马酸和３３１复合酸效果最佳。（２）在断奶后试验期间，Ⅰ，Ⅱ，Ⅲ，Ⅳ组体重分别增重１０．５９ｋｇ，１１．３２ｋｇ，１２．１１ｋｇ和１２．９７ｋｇ，Ⅱ，Ⅲ，Ⅳ组比Ⅰ组分别增重６．８９％，１４．３５％和２２．４７％．结果表明，柠檬酸、富马酸和３３１复合酸都有酸化日粮、促进消化吸收和提高早期断奶后仔猪的生产性能，其中以３３１复合酸和富马酸效果最好。     

不同提取方法对瑭溪蜜柚果皮精油性质及组分的影响

以瑭溪蜜柚果皮为原料,研究了蒸馏法和同时蒸馏萃取法对蜜柚精油性质及组分的影响．结果显示：两种方法提取所得蜜柚精油为黄色澄清液体,具有新鲜蜜柚果皮的特征香气,所得精油理化指标相差不大,均具有良好的品质．利用气质联用技术对精油进行组分鉴定分析得知：蜜柚果皮精油中的主要成分为d-柠檬烯、β-月桂烯、圆柚酮、吉马烯、香叶醇,新鲜果皮精油中柠檬烯含量最高,占总量的52．37％;其次为β-月桂烯,占施26.07％．同时蒸馏萃取法所得精油中圆柚酮的质量分数（8．64％）是蒸馏法的（3．43％）两倍多．     

水分胁迫下臭椿幼苗几个生理指标的变化

臭椿苗木在水分胁迫下,相对含水量、叶绿素含量降低,质膜进性增大。随着水分胁迫时间的延长,苗木这几项生理指标所受的影响程度也加重。臭椿不同年龄阶段的苗木抗性不同。叶片质膜透性、相对含水量、叶绿素含量等指标,可作为评价臭椿苗木早期抗旱生理指标。