对虾养殖池副溶血弧菌的分离鉴定及其耐药特征、毒力基因分析

为了解对虾养殖池中副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)的耐药性和毒力基因的携带情况，2018年从山东4个地区的对虾养殖池收集分离副溶血弧菌，采用Kirby-Bauer纸片法检测其对12种抗生素的耐药性，用PCR方法检测其携带耐热直接溶血素基因(tdh)和耐热相关溶血素基因(trh)的情况。从对虾养殖池共分离副溶血弧菌50株。药敏实验结果显示，副溶血弧菌对庆大霉素、硫酸新霉素和氨苄西林的耐药情况最为严重，耐药率分别高达98%、90%和86%，对氟苯尼考、氯霉素、头孢他啶等敏感性较高，耐药率分别为10%、10%和20%。88%的菌株具有多重耐药性。毒力基因检测结果显示，所有菌株均不携带tdh基因，4%的菌株表现为trh阳性。本研究表明，对虾养殖水环境中的副溶血弧菌对抗生素的耐药性较为严重，应加强副溶血弧菌的病原学监测，在养殖过程中合理使用抗生素，以实现水产养殖业健康发展。     

Influence of the major nitrite transporter NirC on the virulence of a Swollen Head Syndrome Avian Pathogenic E. coli (APEC) strain

Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) strains are extra-intestinal E. coli that infect poultry and cause diseases. Nitrite is a central branch-point in bacterial nitrogen metabolism and is used as a cytotoxin by macrophages. Unlike nitric oxide (NO), nitrite cannot diffuse across bacterial membrane cells. The NirC protein acts as a specific channel to facilitate the transport of nitrite into Salmonella and E. coli cells for nitrogen metabolism and cytoplasmic detoxification. NirC is also required for the pathogenicity of Salmonella by downregulating the production of NO by the host macrophages. Based on an in vitro microarray that revealed the overexpression of the nirC gene in APEC strain SCI-07, we constructed a nirC-deficient SCI-07 strain (ΔnirC) and evaluated its virulence potential using in vivo and in vitro assays. The final cumulative mortalities caused by mutant and wild-type (WT) were similar; while the ΔnirC caused a gradual increase in the mortality rate during the seven days recorded, the WT caused mortality up to 24 h post-infection (hpi). Counts of the ΔnirC cells in the spleen, lung and liver were higher than those of the WT after 48 hpi but similar at 24 hpi. Although similar number of ΔnirC and WT cells was observed in macrophages at 3 hpi, there was higher number of ΔnirC cells at 16 hpi. The cell adhesion ability of the ΔnirC strain was about half the WT level in the presence and absence of alpha-d-mannopyranoside. These results indicate that the nirC gene influences the pathogenicity of SCI-07 strain.     

Ss-Bi1 encodes a putative BAX inhibitor-1 protein that is required for full virulence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a destructive necrotrophic plant pathogen with global distribution. Although S. sclerotiorum has been studied extensively, substantial research on aspects of the pathogen's ability to cause disease is still needed. Bax inhibitor-1 protein functions as a suppressor of programmed cell death and is involved in the response to biotic and abiotic stress in animals, plants and yeast. In this study, we functionally characterized a putative Bax inhibitor-1 protein, Ss-Bi1, from S. sclerotiorum. Ss-Bi1 is predicted to contain a BAX inhibitor-1-like super family domain and shows significant homology with many BAX inhibitor-1 proteins. High expression levels of Ss-Bi1 were observed in hyphae under various stresses. Targeted silencing of Ss-Bi1 resulted in reduced virulence in host plants. Ss-Bi1 gene-silenced strains were more sensitive to heat stress and ER stress than the wild-type strain. The results suggest that Ss-Bi1 encodes a putative BAX inhibitor-1 protein that is required for full virulence of S. sclerotiorum.     

Evolutionary characteristics of morbilliviruses during serial passages in vitro: Gradual attenuation of virus virulence

The genus Morbillivirus is classified into the family Paramyxoviridae, and is composed of 6 members, namely measles virus (MV), rinderpest virus (RPV), peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV), canine distemper virus (CDV), phocine distemper virus (PDV) and cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV). The MV, RPV, PPRV and CDV have been successfully attenuated through their serial passages in vitro for the production of live vaccines. It has been demonstrated that the morbilliviral virulence in animals was progressively attenuated with their consecutive passages in vitro. However, only a few reports were involved in explanation of an attenuation-related mechanism on them until many years after the establishment of a quasispecies theory. RNA virus quasispecies arise from rapid evolution of viruses with high mutation rate during genomic replication, and play an important role in gradual loss of viral virulence by serial passages. Here, we overviewed the development of live-attenuated vaccine strains against morbilliviruses by consecutive passages in vitro, and further discussed a related mechanism concerning the relationship between virulence attenuation and viral evolution.     

马蹄金叶斑病发生与室内药剂毒力测定

通过对马蹄金叶斑病病原菌的分离、培养等研究,按照柯赫氏法则确定此病由胶孢炭疽菌和交链孢引起的.室内药剂毒力测定实验表明,保鲜克和百菌清对炭疽菌和交链孢菌丝的扩展蔓延作用较好,代森锌和退菌特对炭疽菌和交链孢的孢子萌发有较好的抑制作用.     

引自国际马铃薯中心的品种资源在青海对晚疫病的田间抗性鉴定

在青海省海拔2000～2500m和2500～3000m两个不同生态区域设置抗性观测圃,调查评价从国际马铃薯中心(CIP)引进的60份资源田间晚疫病抗性,资源D9在整个生育期表现出免疫症状,15个资源表现为高抗,18个资源表现抗病,同时还对晚疫病菌流行生理小种的毒性基因进行动态监测。     

The N-acetyltransferase gene-implicated iron acquisition contributes to host specificity of Pseudomonas cichorii strain SPC9018 and its virulence

A pathogenicity island within the genome of a multi-host plant bacterium, Pseudomonas cichorii strain SPC9018, comprises the hrp genes encoding a type III secretion system and the pat gene encoding an N-acetyltransferase proposed to play a role in virulence. However, the function of the N-acetyltransferase remains poorly characterized. Interestingly, limiting the iron condition using a phytosiderophore, mugineic acid, resulted in reduced virulence of strain SPC9018 on respective host plants, including eggplant, similar to the reduced virulence observed with a pat gene-deletion mutant. Spectroscopic analyses showed that the pat deletion reduced the concentration of pyoverdine, which is the main siderophore produced by strain SPC9018, leading to a reduction in pyoverdine-mediated iron acquisition. Furthermore, the pat gene deletion mutant showed enhanced expression of the fecA, pvdL, and pvdR genes, whose expression is induced under deficient siderophore-mediated iron uptake. The pat-deletion mutant showed a hyper-swarming phenotype, and the addition of iron decreased this swarming motility. The pat deletion also reduced the adhesion ability of the bacteria, similar to the effect of iron-limited conditions. Furthermore, deletion of the pat gene enhanced expression of the hrp genes. These findings suggested that the pat gene encoding the N-acetyltransferase may be implicated in iron acquisition, contributing to host specificity of P. cichorii strain SPC9018 and its virulence.     

一株鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒基因组测序及其分子特征

[目的]测定一株鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒基因组序列及其分子特征。[方法]分离出一株具有特殊分子特征的鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒（IBDV）超强毒株（vvIBDV）HLJ-0504,并对其基因组进行了克隆和测序。[结果]序列分析显示,HLJ-0504的基因组A节段属于超强毒株,而其B节段则来源于另外一个独特的祖先。动物实验表明,HLJ-0504对SPF雏鸡的致病率和致死率分别为100%和86.7%。[结论]具有独特基因组B节段的vvIBDV仍在我国流行,我国IBDV的进化特征存在多样性。IBDV的毒力不是由基因组的A或B单独决定的。     

6种杀菌剂对香蕉采后炭疽病防治效果研究

[目的]测定6种杀菌剂对香蕉炭疽菌的抑制率和防治效果。[方法]采用菌丝生长速率测定法,测定6种杀菌剂对香蕉炭疽菌的平板抑制率;同时配制终浓度为5、10、50、100、200mg／L施保功进行药效试验。[结果]在PSA平板中,施保克、施保功对香蕉炭疽菌的抑制效果最好,抑制率可达到100％,好生灵的抑制效果最差。施保功浓度梯度防治效果检验中,施保功浓度为200mg／L时,防治效果就可达到100％。[结论]施保功对香蕉炭疽病的防治效果最好,且使用浓度为100-200mg／L。     

A laboratory study on the activity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Steinernema feltiae</Emphasis> (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) Rioja strain against horticultural insect pests

The potential of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) Rioja strain was assessed under laboratory conditions. Last instar larvae of Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (Coleptera: Chrysomelidae), Spodoptera littoralis Boisdouval (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Trichoplusia ni Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were exposed to infective juveniles (IJs) under laboratory conditions. Larval mortality, days to larval death, infection cycle length, and reproductive potential were recorded. Efficacy was assessed performing dose–response experiments. The results indicate that control of L. decemlineata with S. feltiae Rioja strain is not economically profitable (LC₅₀ = 99.61 IJs/cm²), whereas results obtained for T. ni (LC₅₀ = 0.27 IJs/cm²) are promising. Due to the life cycle of this insect, the efficacy needs to be investigated in foliar application studies. The effects on S. littoralis (LC₅₀ = 0.69 IJs/cm²) was considered the most suitable for development of the Rioja strain as a biocontrol agent for soil application.