甘薯胡萝卜素含量、干率聚合育种的一个特例

2005年采用高胡萝卜素、低干双亲的特殊组合‘浙薯81’ב浙薯255’创制出甘薯优异高干红肉品种‘浙薯13’。为了探索甘薯胡萝卜素含量、干率聚合育种新方法,2016年对这一双亲的正反交组合F1胡萝素含量、干率进行了测定和遗传分离规律分析。结果表明,正反交组合的胡萝卜素含量遗传主要受非加性效应控制,组合传递力分别为45.32%和49.73%。干率不仅存在加性效应,而且呈明显的超亲遗传,正反交组合的超亲优势分别达到15.12%和12.75%,超高亲率约70%,呈现相当于高干×低干的遗传分离,中、高干类型比例高达60%左右,其中高干类型比例约28%。杂交后代含有干率≥25%、胡萝卜素含量≥3 mg/100 g FW的株系占26.10%,含有干率≥25%、胡萝卜素含量≥10 mg/100 g FW的株系占9.78%。干率是甘薯食味的主要影响因子。因此,‘浙薯81’与‘浙薯255’杂交可以高效地聚合胡萝卜素含量和干率,大幅度提高优质食用高胡萝卜素育种的筛选效率。     

Management of Bemisia tabaci biotype B with botanical and mineral oils

While the toxic effects of neem, Azadirachta indica A. Juss, on Bemisia tabaci Genn. are well documented, few studies have evaluated other oils. We compared neem, sesame, citrus, castor, vegetable and mineral oils (1% v/v) to a chemical standard thiamethoxam (0.17 g A.I./L) against B. tabaci biotype B life stages on dry bean plants Phaseolus vulgaris L. under screenhouse conditions. Oils and thiamethoxam exhibited low ovicidal activity (<10% egg mortality). However, significant mortality occurred due to the residual activity to 1st instars that emerged from treated eggs. Overall, impacts of egg treatments were greatest for thiamethoxam (77% total mortality for eggs and 1st instars) compared with oils which were statistically similar (22–29% mortality). Larvicidal effect of oils (against 2nd instars) was greater than ovicidal effects. Highest nymphal mortality (>81%) was achieved with castor, sesame, citrus and neem oils, which was significantly greater than for thiamethoxam (65% mortality). Adult whiteflies were exposed to fresh and aged spray residues, rather than being sprayed directly. In this case, comparatively lower efficacy was achieved from oil treatments compared with thiamethoxam. While some mortality was observed from fresh residues of slow drying oils (up to 41% for castor oil), no significant control from any oil residues >3 days old was observed in our tests. The different route of exposure against adults likely reduced the effectiveness of oil treatments which act directly on the cuticle. In trials with viruliferous adult whiteflies exposed to fresh residues, none of the tested products completely prevented transmission of bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV). However, we noted reduced virus severity ratings from plants pre-treated with castor and citrus oil. We conclude that castor, sesame, citrus and neem oils have the potential to be used in whitefly management programs.     

Diallel analysis of sweetpotatoes for resistance to sweetpotato virus disease

Sweetpotato virus disease (SPVD) is due to the dual infection and synergistic interaction of Sweetpotato feathery mottle potyvirus (SPFMV) and Sweetpotato chlorotic stunt crinivirus(SPCSV), and causes up to 98% yield loss in sweetpotato in East Africa. This study was conducted to determine the inheritance of resistance to SPVD in sweetpotato and to estimate the nature of genetic variance. Ten parental clones varying in reaction to SPVD were crossed in a half diallel mating design to generate 45 full-sib families. The families were graft-inoculated with SPCSV and SPFMV to induce SPVD and evaluated for resistance in a randomized complete block design at two sites in Namulonge, Uganda during 1998–2000. In serological assays for SPFMV and SPCSV,resistance to symptom development and recovery from initial systemic SPVD symptoms, characterised resistant genotypes. Genetic component analysis showed significant effects for both general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) for resistance to SPVD. GCA to SCA variance component ratios were large (0.51–0.87), hence GCA effects were more important than SCA effects. Resistant parents exhibited high GCA indicating that additive gene effects were predominant in the inheritance of resistance to SPVD and recovery. Narrow-sense heritability (31–41%) and broad-sense heritability (73–98%) were moderate to high, indicating that rapid genetic gains for SPVD resistance could be accomplished by mass selection breeding techniques. Two genotypes, New Kawogo and Sowola, had high negative GCA effects and had several families in specific crosses,which exhibited rapid recovery from SPVD,and are promising parents for enhancement of SPVD resistance and recovery. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Genetic diversity in sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] in relationship to geographic sources as assessed with RAPD markers

Available evidence shows that sweetpotato originated from either Central or South American lowlands with subsequent dispersal to North America, Europe, Africa, Asia and the pacific islands. A total of 71 polymorphic RAPD molecular markers were used to assess the genetic relationships amongst 74 sweetpotato varieties originating from a total of 23 sweetpotato producing countries within six geographical regions, namely, South America, Central America/Caribbean, United States of America (USA), East Africa, Asia and Oceania. An Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) indicated that 93.4% of the total variance was due to the differences between genotypes within regions. The difference between regions was significant (P < 0.001) but only contributed 6.6% to the variance. Genetic distance (PhiST) calculated with AMOVA and multidimensional scaling (MDS) revealed that the South American and the Central American/Caribbean genotypes formed two separate clusters. East African varieties, which have unique characteristics from other traditional varieties, were distinct from other traditional varieties from South America and Oceania. These results support the reported hypothesis of the origin and dispersal of the sweetpotato and indicate that the primary centre of diversity probably has two distinct genepools. It is proposed that the dispersal of the sweetpotato from its origin may have mainly involved varieties from Central America/Caribbean as opposed to varieties from South America. There is an indication that new genepools may be evolving in Africa and Asia due to hybridisation and adaptation to the local environments.     

The effects of ethylene, 1-MCP and AVG on sprouting in sweetpotato roots

Exogenous ethylene is commonly used as a commercial sprouting inhibitor of potato tubers. The role of ethylene in the control of sprouting of sweetpotato roots, however, is not known. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of ethylene in control of sprouting in sweetpotato roots by observing the effect of an ethylene synthesis inhibitor, aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), and the ethylene antagonist, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), in the presence and absence of exogenous ethylene on root sprouting and associated sugar accumulation. Continuous exposure to 10 μl L⁻¹ ethylene, 24 h exposure to 625 nl L⁻¹ 1-MCP or dipping in 100 μl L⁻¹ AVG all inhibited sprout growth in sweetpotato roots of two varieties over 4 weeks of storage at 25 °C. The observations that both ethylene on its own and 1-MCP, which inhibits ethylene action, inhibit sprout growth indicate that while continuous exposure to exogenous ethylene leads to sprout growth inhibition, ethylene is also required for sprouting. In potato tubers ethylene is required to break dormancy, while continuous exposure inhibits sprout growth.Monosaccharide concentrations in ethylene, 1-MCP or AVG treated roots were lower than in untreated roots, and for ethylene treated roots this was associated with higher respiration rates. This is consistent with the activation of some additional process by ethylene which uses energy through sugar metabolism. 1-MCP and AVG both inhibited this increase in respiration rate and counteracted the decrease in monosaccharide concentrations. 1-MCP presumably counteracts the ethylene stimulation of this process, while the effect of AVG is attributed to its possible inhibitory effects on protein synthesis.     

In Vitro Selection and Identification of Drought-Tolerant Mutants in Sweetpotato

In vitro selection of drought-tolerant mutants in sweetpotato cv. Lizixiang was studied by using PEG6000 as selection stress. Embryogenic suspension cultures were cultured in MS medium containing 0-35% PEG6000 and 2 mg L-1 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D). The results indicated that 30%PEG6000 can be used for the optimal selection stress of drought-tolerance. Embryogenic suspension cultures irradiated with 80 Gy gamma-ray were cultured in MS medium containing 30 % PEG6000 and 2 mg L-1 2,4-D and 20 drought-tolerant cell aggregates were obtained. These cell aggregates were transferred to solid MS medium supplemented with 2 mg L-1 2,4-D and formed embryogenic callus with somatic embryos. The embryogenic callus with somatic embryos was further transferred to MS medium supplemented with 1 mg L-1 abscisic acid (ABA), resulting in the germination of somatic embryos. In this study a total of 18 regenerated plants were obtained. The regenerated plants were transplanted in a greenhouse and 11 lines were formed. The analysis on drought treatment of seedlings, water retaining capacity of leaves and coefficient of drought-tolerance showed that 3 lines had significant drought-tolerance in comparison with the control plants.     

脱毒和生长调节剂对甘薯内源激素含量及块根产量的影响

【目的】研究脱毒苗和植物生长调节剂对甘薯内源激素含量及块根产量的影响。【方法】以徐薯18甘薯苗为材料，设置脱毒原种苗（VF）、氯化胆碱（LH）浸根、叶面喷洒壮丰安（ZFA）、未脱毒徐薯18苗（CK）4个处理，测定不同处理对块根产量、块根日增长速率、T/R值、不同时期叶片及块根内源激素的影响。【结果】VF和LH处理使甘薯块根干物质产量两年平均分别增产21.0%和24.2%，达极显著水平；ZFA处理使块根干物质产量两年平均增产5.2%,未达显著水平；与对照比较，各处理均可显著提高膨大高峰期块根的日鲜重增长速率；脱毒和氯化胆碱浸根处理可显著降低生长前、中期的T/R值，不同程度地提高功能叶叶片的IAA含量、CTKs含量和GA4含量，提高膨大高峰期块根的CTKs含量、ABA含量和IAA含量，并使高峰期提早出现3～4周；壮丰安处理显著降低了中后期叶片的GA4含量和ABA含量，提高了叶片CTKs含量、IAA含量及生长后期块根的CTKs、ABA及IAA含量，但均未达显著水平。【结论】VF、LH和ZFA处理全面改变了甘薯源、库器官多种激素的含量水平，有效延缓叶片的衰老，延长叶片功能期，控制甘薯地上部的群体并防止茎叶的徒长，使地上部茎叶的生长与地下部块根的膨大更为协调。有利于块根产量的提高。     

Studies on Genetic Transformatiom of Embryogenic Suspension Cultures of Sweetpotato

Genetic transformation of embryogenic suspension cultures of sweetpotato cv. Lizixiang wasconducted by using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain A208SE harboring the binary vectors pROA93 with β-glucronidase (GUS) and neomycin phosphotransferase (NPT Ⅱ ) genes. The results indicated that embryogenicsuspension cultures precultured for 1 -3 d were suitable for the transformation. The optimal cocultivation timewas 4 - 5 d. The optimal concentration of kanamycin was 50-75 mg L-1 for suspension culture and 100 mg L-1for embryogenic callus proliferation and plant regeneration. The optimal concentration of carbencillin was 100mg L-1. Transgenic plants identified with GUS assays and PCR analyses were obtained.     

甘薯胚性悬浮细胞遗传转化的研究

 以甘薯品种栗子香的胚性悬浮细胞为材料 ,以A2 0 8SE(pROA93)为供体菌株 ,对甘薯胚性悬浮细胞遗传转化的基本条件进行了研究。结果表明 ,对胚性悬浮细胞预培养 1～ 3d有利于转化 ,适宜的共培养时间为 4～ 5d ,适宜的Kan浓度为 5 0～ 75mg·L-1(悬浮培养阶段 )和 10 0mg·L-1(增殖培养阶段和植株再生阶段 ) ,适宜的Carb浓度为 10 0mg·L-1。获得了经GUS检测及PCR检测的转基因植株。     

甘薯膜脂过氧化作用和膜保护系统的变化与品种抗旱性的关系

 对水分胁迫下甘薯叶片膜脂过氧化作用和膜保护系统变化的研究结果表明 ,水分胁迫下不同甘薯品种叶片中O2-·产生速率、MDA含量、SOD和POD活性、VC 含量比对照均有明显增加 ;除少数抗旱性较强的品种外 ,其余品种CAT活性比对照均有不同程度下降 ,但品种抗旱性愈强 ,其CAT活性下降幅度愈小。O2-· 和MDA的相对值(占对照 % )与品种抗旱性均呈极显著负相关 (r分别为 - 0 .772 8和 - 0 .836 2 ,P <0 .0 1) ,而SOD、POD、CAT及VC 的相对值与品种抗旱性均呈极显著正相关 (r分别为 0 .95 19、0 .82 2 6、0 .96 13和 0 .92 30 ,P <0 .0 1)。因此 ,这些指标可用于甘薯不同品种抗旱性的评定