百岁兰栽培技术

从非洲纳米比亚引进百岁兰（Welwitschia mirabilis Hook.f.）种子,在成功育苗的基础上,通过百岁兰栽植的小气候环境的对比试验、移植方法的探索以及生长量的测定,总结出一整套百岁兰在国内温室栽培技术,为保存植物界“老寿星”和“活化石”提供技术支持.     

Assessing the success of experimental rehabilitation on a coastal mineral sands mine in Namaqualand,South Africa§

The success of different rehabilitation treatments following surface mining on the arid west coast of South Africa was assessed. Treatments consisting of one or a combination of topsoil addition, plant translocation and seeding were applied to experimental rehabilitation sites in 2001, while the treatment of another site in 2008 combined all three techniques. Vegetation and species cover, species richness, diversity and evenness, and grazing capacity of rehabilitation sites were sampled during winter 2009 and summer 2010, and compared with a reference site. All rehabilitated sites achieved the objective to attain a minimum grazing capacity of 20 ha per small stock unit. Rehabilitation trials were successful in establishing a vegetation cover, but were unable to return species richness and diversity to reference levels and did not resemble the reference site in species composition. Common species in reference sites were absent or only occurred in low numbers. No treatment outperformed the others and further experimentation is needed to determine the most suitable combination. It is recommended that rehabilitation should be done in multiple stages in future to improve seedling survival and to return species that are unable to establish in the adverse conditions present at the onset of rehabilitation.     

多肉植物塑化标本制作研究

本文从“永生花”的存在提出“永生多肉”的想法，既保存其鲜活性，又不让它丧失独特的肉感美，本研究探讨了多肉植物固色、塑化和环氧树脂AB胶包埋的工艺，建立了适合多肉植物的标本制作方法。主要不同叶片厚度的多肉植物利用硫酸铜溶液浸泡法及干燥法进行固色，结果显示10%硫酸铜溶液固色96h，对叶片中、厚型绿色多肉效果最佳，硅胶干燥法适合叶片薄型多肉植物。按25%-50%-75%-100%的浓度梯度PEG200脱水塑化，每个浓度24h，效果最好。最后以环氧树脂AB胶结合UV胶进行定型包埋。     

Introduction to the Karoo Special Issue: Trajectories of Change in the Anthropocene§

The Karoo is an arid to semi-arid area across the western third of South Africa, comprising the Succulent Karoo and Nama-Karoo biomes. Its environment and people have experienced considerable changes, and now face new challenges as the Anthropocene unfolds. This Karoo Special Issue (KSI) brings together new information in 20 papers, a mixture of reviews, research articles and commentaries, significantly adding to previous syntheses of Karoo knowledge. The KSI comprises several sections focusing on different aspects of change, namely a lead article that provides an overview of social and environmental changes, followed by papers concerning changes over time from deep history to contemporary conditions (Xhaeruh to Karoo), insights from long-term studies at several sites across the area, different perspectives of ecosystem processes, and ending with a set of reflections and proposals for research priorities. We end this introduction by dedicating the KSI to two outstanding scholars of the Karoo: Dr Suzanne J Milton and Dr W Richard J Dean. These KSI papers, many of which were written by their colleagues, friends and former students, represents a Festschrift that celebrates and honours their research as well as the inspiration and leadership they gave to a generation of scientists.     

多汁饲料对种公牛精液品质的影响研究

[目的]研究青绿多汁饲料对采精种公牛精液品质的影响.[方法]种公牛分为对照组和实验组;A组为对照组,按照常规喂混合干草和配合精料.B组为实验组,B组种公牛加喂青绿多汁饲料, [结果]通过试验B组种公牛的原精合格率、冻精数量和冻后0.4以上活力的冻精数有明显的提高,分别为24.32%、39.92%、52.9%.通过T检验P＜0.01,差异极显著.[结论]对采精种公牛加喂青绿多汁饲料可显著提高冻精数量和活率.     

The composition of the soil seedbank and its role in ecosystem dynamics and rehabilitation potential in the arid Tankwa Karoo Region,South Africa§

Very few soil seedbank studies have been conducted in South Africa, especially in arid rangelands. Insight into the soil seedbank could therefore improve assessment of rangeland dynamics and enhance rehabilitation efforts. This study aimed to characterise the soil seedbanks in various vegetation types of the Tankwa Karoo National Park, an arid environment in South Africa. At 43 sites soil was sampled twice at the end of spring and the end of autumn, and the composition and structure of aboveground vegetation were described at the peak growth period in spring. Seeds were isolated from the soil samples by means of flotation in a salt solution, seedbank species composition was obtained by seedling germination, and the vegetation was investigated using a line-point survey method. Overall seed density was 8 034 seeds m^?2 of which 55% was viable, and the common life-forms were therophytes and chamaephytes. Species richness and diversity were lower in the seedbank compared with those of the vegetation, and the two vegetation spheres were 25% similar. While seedbank composition suggested poor veld condition, there was enough seed density and viability for future regeneration and rehabilitation initiatives. However, this may be impeded by the absence of many perennial species in the soil seedbank.     

玉树营养器官解剖结构观察

[目的]观察玉树营养器官结构,探讨其耐旱机理。[方法]通过石蜡切片,在光学显微镜下对玉树根、茎、叶的结构进行观察。[结果]玉树根和茎具有次生生长,产生次生维管组织和周皮;木质部导管直径较小,导管和木纤维数量较少,轴向薄壁组织细胞较多;茎的皮层较厚;叶被蜡质层,叶肉同化组织一部分细胞体积增大为储水组织细胞;叶表皮的气孔器分布较稀疏,气孔器不等型;根、茎和叶中含有被染为红褐色和深褐色物质的异细胞,叶中仅含深褐色异细胞。[结论]玉树根、茎、叶都表现出了耐旱性的组织细胞结构特征。     

Is the collection of Aloe peglerae from the wild sustainable? An evaluation using stochastic population modelling

Aloe peglerae Schönland, an Endangered species endemic to South Africa, is threatened mainly by illegal collection. Lower densities of plants in areas easily accessible to the public led to questions concerning the sensitivity of this species to collection. Demographic monitoring data collected between 1976 and 1995 were used to build a stochastic population model, where parameters were allowed to vary randomly between observed minimum and maximum values. The model indicated that A. peglerae is highly sensitive to harvest of adult plants, with use sustainable at only very low levels of not more than 0.12%. Harvesting one plant annually is only sustainable in large populations of more than 1000 individuals; populations of this size, however, are rare. A maximum of fifteen percent of the annual seed output can be harvested sustainably. This long-term evaluation demonstrates that current collection of this species from the wild is unsustainable. Ex situ cultivation is therefore vital.     

2种多肉植物在室内环境中的光合及蒸腾特性研究

[目的]研究多肉植物长寿花(Kalanchoe blossfeldiana'Sensation')和花蔓草(Aptenia cordifolia)在室内环境中的光合特性和蒸腾特性,为其室内应用提供理论依据。[方法]以观赏性好、市场拥有率高的多肉植物长寿花和花蔓草为试验材料,通过对室内不同环境中光强、温度、湿度的持续研究,得到了室内光分布的曲线变化图,选取其中具有代表性的室内不同光照强度环境作为试验区域,用LI-6400便携式光合系统测定仪测定试验材料的CO2净吸收速率和蒸腾速率的昼夜变化,分别计算昼夜的固碳量和蒸腾释水量。[结果]长寿花和花蔓草在不同光环境中蒸腾速率的昼夜变化趋势和CO2净吸收速率的昼夜变化相似;从吸收CO2方面考虑,在南向房间中长寿花和花蔓草均宜放在1 052～1 360μmol/(m2.s)的光环境中,在北向房间中长寿花则宜放于北窗区域,而花蔓草易放于东向窗附近区域;从降低空气湿度方面考虑,在南向房间中长寿花和花蔓草宜放在1 052～1 360μmol/(m2.s)的光环境中,在北向房间中花蔓草和长寿花则宜放于北窗区域,且长寿花在北向房间的北窗区域的蒸腾量要比在南向窗区的蒸腾量还多。[结论]该研究可为将长寿花和花蔓草更好地应用于室内设计提供指导。     

Tradeoffs in the Rehabilitation of a Succulent Karoo Rangeland

Rangeland rehabilitation has multiple, sometimes conflicting goals, such as the reestablishment of the predisturbance vegetation, soil protection, and forage production. The rehabilitation techniques should be also cost‐effective and practicable. Given the difficulties and high costs of restoring Succulent Karoo rangelands and the continuously high grazing pressure in the communal lands, tradeoffs should be accepted in the achievement of these goals. We tested the capability of paddock manure redistribution to reverse degradation trends in a heavily grazed Succulent Karoo rangeland in South Africa. Over 3 years, the effects of the manure application were compared with areas planted with mature shrubs as a benchmark for a predisturbance vegetation structure and with four popular rehabilitation techniques: (1) livestock exclusion; (2) brushpacking (coverage of dead shrubs); (3) mineral fertilizing; and (4) microcatchment construction. Manure was, besides planting, the only treatment that resulted in a significant increase in drought‐resistant vegetation cover, but it compromised the dominance of native vegetation. In the manure plots, a pasture‐like vegetation of non‐native forage plants (which germinated mainly from seeds in the dung), developed (foremost Atriplex semibaccata). Manure application counteracted erosion as effectively as the planted shrubs and brushpacks. Expected negative side effects such as a decrease in plant species richness or salinization of topsoil were not detected. We also checked the potential of topsoil salinization by the halophytic A. semibaccata and found it to be low. For sites where a decrease in grazing pressure is unrealistic under current land tenure, redistribution of manure should be further explored to mitigate acute symptoms of degradation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.