Mapping the spatial distribution of shade provision of street trees in Boston using Google Street View panoramas

Street trees provide shade and increase human thermal comfort during hot summer. In this study, we investigated the spatial distribution of shade provision of street trees in Boston, Massachusetts. The sky view factor (SVF), which influences the solar radiation to the ground and affects human thermal comfort, was used to indicate the contribution of street trees on shade provision. Google Street View (GSV) panoramas were used to calculate the photographic method based SVF (SVF_P), with the consideration of all kinds of obstructions within street canyons. A building height model was used to calculate the simulation based SVF (SVFs), with consideration of obstruction of building blocks only. Considering the fact that street trees and building blocks are the two major obstructions of radiation within street canyons, therefore, the difference between the two SVF estimation results can be considered as the shade provision of street trees. The results show that street trees help to decrease the SVF by 24.61% in Boston, Massachusetts. The shading level varies spatially in the study area. Generally, the southwestern area has much higher shading level than the north and the east. We further explored the shading variation among different socioeconomic groups in the study area. Result shows that Hispanics tend to live in neighborhoods with lower shading level. This study can help to provide a reference for future urban greening projects for global climate change adaption.     

Shade coffee in Hawai‘i – Exploring some aspects of quality,growth, yield,and nutrition

In a harsh (Kunia) and an ideal (Kona) growing region of Hawai‘i, sun grown Coffea arabica L. was compared to coffee shaded with varying degrees of black and aluminized shade cloth, macadamia trees, and a novel, spray-on shade composed mostly of kaolin. Shading did not appreciably affect organoleptic quality. Shading resulted in statistically different yields in the macadamia (16% of sun) and kaolin (199% of sun) treatments in the second year compared to full sun treatments in their respective locations, although a negative, linear trend was observed with increased shading. The lack of significant differences in yields between the shade cloth and sun treatments was likely a result of large yield variation among replicates. Bean sizes differed little between shade treatments and the percentage of defects and broken beans were generally not significantly different among the treatments in Kunia. Kona bean sizes and characteristics were not different. Shading reduced surface leaf temperatures and increased specific leaf area but generally did not affect lateral nodal growth. Leaf nutrient concentration differed between treatments.     

Growth and photosynthetic characteristics of blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum cv. Bluecrop) under various shade levels

Blueberry can readily be shaded as a bush type plant, maybe affecting its growth and photosynthesis. Growth and photosynthetic characteristics of ‘Bluecrop’ blueberry grown under various shade levels were investigated to understand acclimation under shade conditions and to determine the optimal light conditions for agricultural purpose. Shade decreased the number of shoots per shrub, but increased shoot length. However, shade did not affect the number of leaves on the main axis. With increasing shade level, leaf length, width and area increased, but leaf thickness decreased. However, there was no obvious tendency in leaf length/width ratio with increasing shade level. Shade leaves had less dense stomata than sun leaves, but stoma was bigger in shade leaves than in sun leaves. With increasing shade level, non-photochemical quenching in blueberry leaves increased and the values were higher at low photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFDs) in shade leaves than in sun leaves, resulting in the decreases in quantum yield, electron transport rate and net CO₂ assimilation rate (A_n). The maximum A_n at 31, 60, 73 and 83% shade levels was 11.8, 11.0, 8.4 and 7.5 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, respectively. Following the slight decrease up to 100 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PPFD, stomatal conductance (g_s) linearly increased up to 600 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PPFD and became saturated at all shade levels. The leaves of the shrubs grown under the 83% shade level had a significantly lower g_s as compared to the leaves of the shrubs grown under the 31, 60 and 73% shade levels. Transpiration rate (E) linearly increased up to 600 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PPFD and was saturated at the 73 and 83% shade levels. However, E increased linearly at both 31 and 60% shade levels with increasing PPFD. The reproductive growth characteristics such as number of flowers, fruit set rate per flower bud and fruit yield also significantly decreased with increasing shade level. For agricultural purpose, therefore, shade level above approximately 60% of full sunlight must be avoided for optimal photosynthesis and growth of the ‘Bluecrop’ blueberry.     

The impact of shade on morphology,growth and biomass allocation in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Picea sitchensis</Emphasis>, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Larix</Emphasis> × <Emphasis Type="Italic">eurolepis</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thuja plicata</Emphasis>

To determine the effect of shade on morphology, growth and biomass allocation in Picea sitchensis, Larix × eurolepis and Thuja plicata, seedlings were grown in the open or under shadehouses providing 25%, 50% and 75% reductions of full-light for two growing seasons. For most of the characteristics assessed there was no significant interaction between species and shade indicating that the morphological responses to changing shade treatments were not species-dependent. After two growing seasons the mean height increment for the three species was significantly greater in 25% (76.1 cm) and 50% shade (74.9 cm) than in the open (69.5 cm). Root collar diameter increment, shoot, root and total biomass declined significantly with increasing shade while the opposite was true for the height:diameter ratio. In both western red cedar and hybrid larch the shoot:root ratio was significantly greater in the shade while in Sitka spruce this characteristic was not influenced by shade. While all species had significantly greater specific shoot areas in 75% shade than in 0% shade, this trend was particularly pronounced in hybrid larch. In hybrid larch and western red cedar, the normalised specific projected shoot area increased significantly with increasing shade. The opposite trend was observed for Sitka spruce. We conclude that in the main the species studied demonstrated similar shade acclimation responses despite their reported differences in shade tolerance.     

千叶兰耐荫性的研究

千叶兰(Muehlewbeckiacomplera)是2002年从国外引入的一种室内垂吊观叶花卉。本文对千叶兰耐荫性做了实验研究。在不同的光照强度(0.14-946.00靘olm-2s-1)条件下设置五个试验区域。在试验区培养40天后,用LI-COR6400测定其功能叶的光合特性,绘制光-光合作用曲线,计算光补偿点、光饱和点及最大净光合速率,测定其叶面积与叶片数的生长量。实验结果表明:千叶兰生长在光照强度为9.26-569.00靘olm-2s-1(463-28150lx,16-22℃,RH46%-60%)时较适宜,光合效率最高,生长最佳。千叶兰的光照习性属于较喜光,但忌光照强度为569.00靘olm-2s-1以上的强光直射。虽然千叶兰具有耐半荫性,但在光照强度为0.16-19.22靘olm-2s-1(8-961lx)的条件下(晴天每天光照强度达10靘olm-2s-1,光照时间为6小时以上),才能够生长新叶。表4参8。     

Foliar traits of jasmine plants intercropped in coconut

Shade is one of the important limiting factors in intercropped agro-ecosystems. Objective of this work is to analyze the role of eight foliar traits of juvenile plants of five different species of Jasminum grown under coconut shade. The results reveal the shade tolerant J. pubescence to produce more number of nodes and longer shoots in all the three seasons studied. J. grandiflorum produced longer leaves and internodal distance than other species tested. Winter season shoots were longer with more number of nodes and longer internodal distances than rainy season. Results are discussed in relation to the adaptive behavior of plants to shade.     

青檀耐荫性的初步研究

在连续３年测定比较几个不同树种的生理特性和树冠结构的基础上，本文对青檀的耐荫性进行了初步分析，结果表明，青檀的耐荫性随年龄的增大而降低，１２年生以前，青檀是耐荫的；１３至２５年生之间，青檀是喜光树种；２６年生以后青檀则逐渐变为阳性树种。比较的结果还表明，青檀的耐荫性较马尾松强，较杉木弱，从总体看属中偏阳树种。     

遮荫对10种地被植物光合特性的影响

为了探讨地被植物在不同遮荫条件下的适应性,本研究以10种地被植物为材料,对其在不同光照条件下的生长状态、日平均净光合速率、表观量子效率及光补偿点进行分析.结果表明:遮荫水平对10种植物的光合有很大影响,10种植物能忍受的遮荫程度不同.对旋覆花、甘野菊、大叶铁线莲、青杞、委陵菜来说,全光比较合适；对蛇莓、匍枝毛茛、匍枝委...     

3种彩色叶玉簪光合日变化

采用CIRAS-2光合测定仪测定3种彩叶玉簪的光合参数.光响应曲线应用叶子飘新模型进行拟合并求得光饱和点、光补偿点.结果表明:3种玉簪的光合速率均呈双峰曲线,峰值出现在10:00时和16:00时,且第1峰值大于第2峰值,均有明显的光合“午休”现象,这主要是受非气孔限制因素影响;其光饱和点、光补偿点分别在776.24 ～...     

光强与施氮量对水稻南粳45光合特性和产量构成的影响

以武育粳3号,新品系108为对照,在大田栽培条件下,研究南粳45在225.0、300.0、345.0kg.hm-2施氮量下,其分蘖期、拔节期和开花后的生长和光合生理指标,鉴定其耐光氧化和耐阴特性,并在成熟期考察产量构成因子。结果表明,与武育粳3号、新品系108相比,在施氮300.0 kg.hm-2下,南粳45单株产量分别提高了24.89%、5.40%;在不同生育期以及不同的施氮量下,南粳45具有较高的光合能力,尤其在拔节期;人工光氧化处理后,其最大的光化学效率(Fv/Fm)衰减较少;遮阴条件下,干物质下降较缓,结实率较高,属耐光氧化和耐阴品种。可见,南粳45在不同生育期均具有高光合能力和适应广幅变动的光强特性,这可能是南粳45获得高产的重要生理基础。