遮阴处理对枣果实活性氧代谢及果实品质的影响

为了研究弱光条件对南方鲜食枣果实活性氧代谢及果实品质的影响,以‘罗江调元枣’为试验材料,在花后约45 d对其进行遮阴处理[不遮阴(T1)、轻度遮阴(T2)、重度遮阴(T3)],期间共采集5次样品,测定其活性氧含量、抗氧化酶活性、丙二醛(MDA)质量摩尔浓度、脯氨酸(Pro)质量分数、外观品质和内在品质。结果显示,T2和T3的超氧阴离子(O■)产生速率和过氧化氢(H_2O_2)质量摩尔浓度在第3个时期(7月30日)较T1有所提高,之后随着超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的增加,O■产生速率显著降低或无显著差异,而H_2O_2质量摩尔浓度在第5个时期(8月27日)依旧显著高于T1。遮阴后MDA质量摩尔浓度显著降低,Pro质量分数随遮阴程度的增加而降低。遮阴后果实品质显著降低,表现为单果质量、果实纵径、果实横径和可溶性糖质量分数显著降低,可滴定酸质量分数显著增加,且成熟期果实中抗坏血酸质量分数降低。表明枣果实可通过自身SOD和POD活性的提高来清除遮阴处理下产生的高浓度活性氧,从而保护细胞膜脂不受弱光环境的伤害。但遮阴严重影响枣果实品质,且T3的受害程度大于T2。     

Effects of walnut trees on biological nitrogen fixation and yield of intercropped alfalfa in a Mediterranean agroforestry system

While intercropping annual non nitrogen-fixing crops with deciduous hardwood species is now well documented, there is a need to investigate if nitrogen-fixing intercrops may succeed in agroforestry systems. Intercropping with trees usually leads to a decline in crop yield, and could in addition possibly reduce the biological N fixation (BNF) over time due to the competition for resources. In a Mediterranean experimental site, 17 year-old hybrid walnut trees (Juglans nigra x Juglans regia L.) planted in East-West oriented lines were intercropped with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to assess the impact of competition for light and water on alfalfa yield and BNF. Alfalfa yield and shoot δ¹⁵N values (a proxy for the proportion of N derived from the air, %Ndfa) were measured during one year at different distances from the tree row in two directions (north and south). Alfalfa yield was reduced close to the tree row (−28% and −22% on the northern and southern sides respectively), but less than the reduction of irradiation (−59% and −33% respectively). Shading improved by 35% the apparent light use efficiency (LUE: aboveground biomass produced per unit of global radiation) of alfalfa, indicating that alfalfa was shade tolerant at this Mediterranean site. Alfalfa shoot δ¹⁵N values were lower close to the tree rows than at mid inter-row: BNF was stimulated close to the trees. Compensative and facilitative mechanisms between trees and alfalfa plants led to a rise in LUE and%Ndfa in shaded areas. These results contradict the frequent assumption that N fixation is reduced in the shade of trees. Appropriate tree canopy management may help maintain light competition between trees and alfalfa to a level that still enhance complementary, which would further improve the sustainability of the use of alfalfa as an intercrop in Mediterranean regions.     

遮阴对葡萄采后树体养分积累期间环境与光合作用的影响

在促成栽培条件下,以3a生葡萄为材料,进行遮阴对采后树体养分积累期间环境与光合作用的影响研究。结果表明,遮阴处理均显著降低温室内环境温度和光合有效辐射强度,使叶片的光合速率日变化曲线由双峰曲线转变为单峰,30%遮阴叶片光饱和点最高,补偿点最低,其架面上部叶片暗呼吸速率最低、表观量子产额最高。遮阴显著提高葡萄叶片对弱光的利用率。说明在外界光照强度大于多数品种光饱和点经验值或气温较高时,对温室进行适当遮阴(本研究30%或50%遮阴较适宜)对改善葡萄生长环境条件、扩大葡萄叶片光能利用区间和提高光能利用率有帮助,利于光合产物的积累。     

中午适度遮阴对苹果叶片光合特性的影响

以苹果为试验材料,研究中午全光照和遮阴下苹果叶片的光合生理特征。测定2种光强条件下苹果叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和胞间CO2摩尔分数(Ci)等参数以及叶绿素含量,叶绿素荧光参数和抗氧化酶的活性。结果表明,中午强光(≥1 000μmol·m-2·s-1)下,遮阴叶片具有较高的Pn、Gs、Tr和Ci,同时,最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和通过PSⅡ的电子传递能力(ΦPSⅡ)均明显高于全光照的叶片,并且抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT、GPX)活性相对较弱。可见,遮阴叶片在中午强光下优于全光照叶片,适度遮阴减弱了光系统反应中心的光破坏,增强了光合电子传递能力,进而提高了光合效率。     

光照对紫粒小麦籽粒花色素和黑色素含量的影响

为探讨光照时期和光照时间对小麦籽粒色素含量的影响,在紫粒、红粒小麦籽粒发育的不同时期对穗部进行遮光处理,成熟后分别测定籽粒中花色素和黑色素的含量.结果表明,花色素和黑色素的形成积累与光照时期关系密切.从开花后15 d开始,光照时间直接影响花色素和黑色素的形成,处理Ⅱ较处理Ⅰ花色素含量高,黑色素含量更高.紫粒、红粒小麦色素对光照时间反应不一,花色素和黑色素含量随光照时间的增加迅速增加,且品种间差异极显著.当光照时间达到376.5 h时,花色素含量均达到最高值,之后逐渐降低.籽粒成熟时,三个紫粒品种花色素含量较红粒品种高2.2倍.当光照时间达到89.6 h时,紫粒品种黑色素开始积累,且呈直线增加趋势,至籽粒成熟时达最高值;红粒品种在光照时间达到305.3 h时黑色素才开始积累.籽粒成熟时,紫粒品种高原115、黑小麦76和陇春432黑色素含量分别为0.281、0.241和0.223,分别较红粒品种陇春15高2.77、3.23和2.56倍.     

Influence of biotic and abiotic factors on the distribution and abundance of Culicoides imicola and the Obsoletus Complex in Italy

Culicoides imicola Kieffer (Culicoides, Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) is the principal vector of bluetongue virus (BTV) to ruminant livestock in southern Europe. The secondary potential vectors are Culicoides obsoletus (Meigen) and Culicoides scoticus Downes and Kettle of the Obsoletus Complex, Culicoides pulicaris (Linnaeus) of the Pulicaris Complex and Culicoides dewulfi Goetghebuer of the subgenus Avaritia Fox. Between 2000 and 2004 >38,000 light-trap collections were made for Culicoides across Italy including the islands of Sardinia and Sicily. Mapping of the 100 largest collections of C. imicola and of the Obsoletus Complex showed them to be disjunct overlapping in only 2% of the 200 municipalities selected. For each municipality the average values were calculated for minimum temperature, aridity index, altitude, terrain slope, normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) and percentage forest cover. A factor analysis identified two principal factors (‘biotic’ and ‘abiotic’) and explained 84% of the total variability; a discriminant analysis classified correctly 87.5% of the observations. The results indicate adult populations of C. imicola to occur in more sparsely vegetated habitats that are exposed to full sunlight, whereas species of the Obsoletus Complex favour a more shaded habitat, with increased green leaf density. Heliophily and umbrophily, by shortening or lengthening the respective adult life cycles of these two vectors, will likely impact on the ability of each to transmit BTV and is discussed in the light of the current outbreak of BTV across the Mediterranean Basin.     

Effect of traditional processing practices on the content of total carotenoid, β-carotene, α-carotene and vitamin A activity of selected Tanzanian vegetables

The α-carotene, β-carotene and total provitamin A carotenoids and the effect of traditional processing practices on the retention of these provitamins were studied using amaranth, cowpea, peanut, pumpkin and sweet potato leaves. Results of this study indicated that the content of total carotenoids, β-carotene and α-carotene were in the range of 26.79–44.74 mg, 4.16–19.12 mg, and 0.99–10.26 mg per 100 g of dry vegetables, respectively. The vitamin A activities were 4.042, 3.124, 0.829, 2.025 and 1.581 mg RE per 100 g of dry amaranth, cowpea, peanut, pumpkin and sweet potato leaves, respectively. The traditional processing practices of sun drying and storage in ventilated containers resulted in a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the concentration of total carotenoids, β-carotene and α-carotene for all the vegetables. Conventional blanching and cooking resulted in a significant (p<0.05) increase in the concentration of carotenoids in the cowpea, peanut and pumpkin leaves while in amaranth and sweet potato greens, thermal processing resulted in a significant (p<0.05) decrese in the concentration of these nutrients.     

梯田田埂栽植萱草的固土防蚀效果及经济效益分析

为了解决梯田田埂的固土防蚀问题,以萱草为试验材料,采用试验室生理指标测定、护根苗种植和径流小区观测等方法对萱草种植保活技术、固土防蚀效果及经济效益进行了研究。结果表明,萱草的临界饱和亏为66.73%,第16天时叶片失水率为98.43%,具有较强的抗旱能力。梯田田埂土壤水分受田埂侧面蒸发的影响,其水分亏缺值随距田埂的距离增大而减小;而土壤养分则是田埂附近比田中间高,存在一定程度的积累;护根苗种植的成活率远远高于裸根苗;单株萱草根系固土量8年植株达到最大,为69.2 kg;20°坡面种植萱草后年均土壤侵蚀模数(t/km2)比对照低54.9%,年清水径流深分别比对照低53.7%,固土防蚀效果显著;梯田田埂种植萱草后,对其2 m范围内的作物产量产生影响,但萱草收入远远大于作物减产的损失。     

遮阴对牛尾菜光合特性的影响

[目的]研究遮阴对牛尾菜（Smilax riparia A.DC）光合特性的影响。[方法]以牛尾菜为试验材料,根据其原生环境的特点,进行遮阴栽培,研究光合参数日变化规律。[结果]遮阴能够降低叶片温度,但差别不明显;随着遮阴程度的增加,气孔阻力增加;适度遮阴使细胞间CO2浓度减少;不同遮阴处理下蒸腾速率的趋势基本相同,但各处理在同一时间蒸腾速率的值不同;遮阴增加了净光合速率。[结论]该研究可为人工栽培牛尾菜提供理论依据和技术支持。     

遮荫对鸢尾属品种生理和形态特征的影响

研究了小型矮棵须毛鸢尾品种群的Iris pumila'Orange Caper'、Iris'Yo Yo'、Iris pumila'Petit Polka'及路易斯安娜品种群的Iris'Black Gamecock'4个鸢尾属品种的叶绿素含量,可溶性糖含量、比叶质量、组织含水量、细胞膜透性,并结合形态观察,探讨了这4个鸢尾属品种的耐荫性,结果表明:小型矮棵须毛鸢尾品种群的品种间存在耐荫性差异,Iris pumila'Orange Caper'耐荫性强于其余2个品种.路易斯安娜品种群的Iris'Black Gamecock'的耐荫性强于Iris pumila'Orange Caper'.4个品种中Iris'Black Gamecock'更适宜做林下地被.