Sooty spot of kiwifruit caused by Pseudocercospora actinidiae Deighton

Leaf spots on the lower leaf surface and sunken spots on the fruit of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa and A. chinensis) were found in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. The observed fungus was identified as Pseudocercospora actinidiae Deighton. We propose the name sooty spot of kiwifruit (“susuhan-byo” in Japanese) as a new disease fullfilling Koch’s postulates.     

福木假尾孢菌Pseudocercospora elaeodendri的转录间隔区序列分析

PCR扩增福木假尾孢菌的转录间隔区序列(ITS)并测序,获得的基因序列长度为581bp,相似性分析发现其与假尾孢属不同种之间的ITS序列相似度极高。进一步对相似度高的不同种、属菌的ITS序列采用Neighbor-joining法构建系统进化树。遗传距离分析结果发现,试验菌株仅与同源性为100%的未知种名的假尾孢菌聚为一类。比较不同种的ITS碱基序列,结果表明,试验菌株与其它种之间的差异碱基分布于ITS1和ITS2区域,说明ITS能够体现假尾孢属的种间变异。     

地锦叶斑病病原菌的鉴定及其生物学特性

结合传统形态学和分子生物学方法对地锦(Parthenocissus tricuspidata)叶斑病病原菌进行了鉴定,并在室内纯培养条件下,采用生长速率法研究了病原菌在不同培养基、p H值、温度、光照、碳源和氮源条件下菌丝生长和菌落形态。结果显示:病原菌为马卡假尾孢(Pseudocercospora macadamiae Deighton);病原菌生长较适培养基为PDA培养基和20%地锦植物煎汁的PDA培养基,适宜p H值为6.0~7.0,菌丝生长适宜温度范围为25~30℃,最适碳源为蔗糖,最适氮源为酵母粉,最佳光照条件为全黑暗。     

喜树角斑病及其发生危害调查

喜树角斑病由病原真菌拟尾孢菌(Pseudocercospora camptothecae LiuetGuo)寄生引起,被害喜树叶片形成褐色的角斑,严重时大量叶片枯黄脱落,导致树枝衰退,植株枯死。此病的发生与高温及雨水有密切关系。病菌从叶背侵入引起叶片正面角斑症状。病菌主要在病叶组织上越冬。在马铃薯蔗糖培养基上形成淡黄白色至灰绿色、最后呈黑色的菌落,产生大量分生孢子及厚垣孢子。病菌接种侵染的潜育期为4d。     

金叶女贞假尾孢病害的生物学特性和杀菌剂筛选

金叶女贞在6～7月和9～10月叶片上会出现许多不规则形状的病斑，俗称叶斑病，严重时会导致受害叶片早落。经研究其病原为假尾孢真菌Pseudocercospora sp．。通过人工接菌，观察了病害的症状、发病规律、培养特性、形态特征，以及温度、pH对菌丝体生长的影响。经室内杀菌剂筛选试验，用10g／L百菌清杀菌效果较好。     

雷公藤角斑病菌毒素对寄主防御酶活性的影响

用雷公藤角斑病致病菌——福木假尾孢(Pseudocercospora elaeodendri)的培养液处理雷公藤(Tripterygium wilfordii)枝条,使得雷公藤体内保护酶增量表达,减弱膜脂过氧化作用,提高雷公藤的抗病性.结果表明40%福木假尾孢菌毒素为最佳处理浓度.     

Evaluation of fungicide application rates,spray schedules and alternative management options for rust and angular leaf spot of snap beans in Uganda

Yield losses due to rust and angular leaf spot (ALS) of snap beans may reach 100% in Eastern Africa. Where susceptible varieties are grown, farmers control these diseases with routine fungicide applications. To determine an optimum application rate and spray schedule for Orius® (tebuconazole 250 g/L), we sprayed 10 mL and 20 mL Orius® per 15 L spray water twice at two trifoliate leaf stage and 50% flowering, and three times at the same stages, with an additional application at pod initiation. In farmers’ fields, we tested the effect of fungicide sprays, use of resistant variety, intercropping, increased plant spacing and farmyard manure on rust and ALS diseases. Application three times of 20 mL Orius® per 15 L spray water reduced rust severity scores by 5.7 and 2.4 in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Lowest rust and ALS severities were observed when a resistant variety, fungicide or farmyard manure was used. Pod yield increments due to disease management ranged between 13% and 242%. Prophylactic fungicide application, use of resistant varieties and farmyard manure can be used to reduce disease severity and improve snap bean quality on smallholder farms.     

杨树角斑病病原菌分离及其培养特性研究

对杨树角斑病菌进行分离和鉴定,并研究不同培养条件对其培养特性的影响,以获得病原菌的纯培养并筛选出最佳培养条件,为杨树角斑病防治提供理论参考。分别采用组织和单孢分离法分离病原菌,根据子实体形态和病菌rDNA ITS序列对其进行鉴定。观察不同培养基、温度、光照、pH对病原菌生长的影响。结果表明,自然条件下,用杨树角斑病菌的分生孢子分离较病组织分离易成功。根据病菌的形态特征和rDNA ITS序列分析,将病菌鉴定为柳假尾孢[Pseudocercospora salicina(Ell.&Ev.)Deighton]。培养基、温度、光照、pH等因素影响病菌在培养基上的生长。燕麦培养基、pH6～7、25℃、黑暗条件是适合的培养条件。     

Inheritance of black leaf mold resistance in tomato

Summary Inheritance of black leaf mold (BLM) (caused by Pseudocercospora fuligena) resistance was studied in four crosses involving two resistant Lycopersicon accessions (PI134417, L. hirsutum and PI254655, L. esculentum) and four susceptible Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center tomato lines (CLN657BC₁F₂-267-0-3-12-7, CL143-0-10-3-0-1-10, CLN698BC₁F₂-358-4-13 and CL5915-93D₄-1-0-3). For each cross, six generations, i.e. P₁, P₂, F₁, F₂, BC₁F₁ and BC₁F₂ were evaluated following inoculations with isolate Pf-2 of P. fuligena. Chi-square analyses of the data based on the ratio of resistant to susceptible plants in the F₂ in three of four crosses gave a good fit to a segregation ratio of 1 R : 15 S, and BC₁F₂ data in three of four crosses gave an acceptable fit to the segregation ratio of 1 R : 63 S. The results indicate that resistance to BLM may be conditioned by two recessive genes acting epistatically in both PI134417 and PI254655.     

Distribution of Pseudocercospora species causing Sigatoka leaf diseases of banana in Uganda and Tanzania

Sigatoka leaf diseases are a major constraint to banana production. A survey was conducted in Tanzania and Uganda to assess the distribution of Pseudocercospora species and severity of Sigatoka leaf diseases. Pseudocercospora species were identified using species-specific primers. Sigatoka-like leaf diseases were observed in all farms and on all cultivars, but disease severity varied significantly (P < 0.001) between countries, districts/regions within countries, altitudinal ranges and banana cultivars. In all regions except Kilimanjaro, P. fijiensis, the causal agent of black Sigatoka, was the only pathogen associated with Sigatoka disease. Mycosphaerella musae was associated with Sigatoka-like symptoms in Kilimanjaro region. Black Sigatoka disease was more severe in Uganda, with a mean disease severity index (DSI) of 37.5%, than in Tanzania (DSI = 19.9%). In Uganda, black Sigatoka disease was equally severe in Luwero district (mean DSI = 40.4%) and Mbarara district (mean DSI = 37.9%). In Tanzania, black Sigatoka was most severe in Kagera region (mean DSI = 29.2%) and least in Mbeya region (mean DSI = 11.5%). Pseudocercospora fijiensis, the most devastating sigatoka pathogen, was detected at altitudes of up to 1877 m a.s.l. This range expansion of P. fijiensis, previously confined to altitudes lower than 1350 m a.s.l. in East Africa, is of concern, especially for smallholder banana farmers growing the susceptible East African Highland bananas (EAHB). Among the banana varieties sampled, the EAHB, FHIA hybrids and Mchare were the most susceptible. Here, the loss of resistance in Yangambi KM5, a banana variety previously resistant to P. fijiensis, is reported for the first time.