观赏植物抗病育种现状

观赏植物种类繁多,在这些植物的育种、销售及栽培过程中,与植物病害相关的各种病原物也被广泛传播。因此,培育抗病品种一直是园艺育种工作者的重要目标性状之一。在粮食作物中,抗病育种方面已经投入了很大的人力物力,新的生物技术不断被用于作物新品种的培育。但对于观赏植物而言,这些新技术应用范围还极为有限。本综述对园艺植物抗病育种现状进行了总结,并对育种前景进行了预测。     

Reuse of effluent water—benefits and risks

There is an increasing trend to require more efficient use of water resources, both in urban and rural environments. A major mechanism that can be used to achieve greater efficiencies is the reuse of water that once would have been discarded into the environment after use. The reuse of water for agricultural irrigation is often viewed as a positive means of recycling water due to the potential large volumes of water that can be used. Recycled water can have the advantage of being a constant, reliable water source and reduces the amount of water extracted from the environment. In addition, in some cases treatment requirements may be need to be less than for water used in an urban environment due to less potential human contact. There are concerns and unknowns, however, about the impact of the quality of the recycled water, both on the crop itself and on the end users of the crops. Water quality issues that can create real or perceived problems in agriculture include nutrient and sodium concentrations, heavy metals, and the presence of contaminants such as human and animal pathogens, pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors. Social attitudes to the use of crops that have been irrigated with recycled waters and the resulting impact on market value of crops are also a major consideration. This paper will discuss the benefits from using different types of recycled water and outline the current knowledge and opinions relating to risks such as water quality issues.     

Soil microbial, fungal, and nematode responses to soil fumigation and cover crops under potato production

Sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate (metam sodium) and 1,3 dichloropropene are widely used in potato production for the control of soil-borne pathogens, weeds, and plant parasitic nematodes that reduce crop yield and quality. Soil fumigation with metam sodium has been shown in microcosm studies to significantly reduce soil microbial populations and important soil processes such as C and N mineralization. However, few published data report the impact of metam sodium on microbial populations and activities in potato production systems under field conditions. Fall-planted white mustard (Brassica hirta) and sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense) cover crops may serve as an alternative to soil fumigation. The effect of metam sodium and cover crops was determined on soil microbial populations, soil-borne pathogens (Verticillium dahliae, Pythium spp., and Fusarium spp.), free-living and plant-parasitic nematodes, and C and N mineralization potentials under potato production on five soil types in the Columbia Basin of Eastern Washington. Microbial biomass C was 8–23% greater in cover crop treatments compared to those fumigated with metam sodium among the soil types tested. Replacing fumigation with cover crops did not significantly affect C or N mineralization potentials. Cumulative N mineralized over a 49-day laboratory incubation averaged 18 mg NO₃-N kg⁻¹ soil across all soil types and treatments. There was a general trend for N mineralized from fumigated treatments to be lower than cover-cropped treatments. Soil fungal populations and free-living nematode levels were significantly lowered in fumigated field trials compared to cover-cropped treatments. Fumigation among the five soil types significantly reduced Pythium spp. by 97%, Fusarium spp. by 84%, and V. dahliae by 56% compared to the mustard cover crop treatment. The percentage of bacteria and fungi surviving fumigation was greater for fine- than coarse-textured soils, suggesting physical protection of organisms within the soil matrix or a reduced penetration and distribution of the fumigants. This suggests the potential need for a higher rate of fumigant to be used in fine-textured soils to obtain comparable reductions in soil-borne pathogens.     

城市污泥堆肥前后病原菌的变化规律研究

研究了城市污泥快速堆肥前后病原菌数量的变化。结果表明：堆肥处理后病原菌数量虽有所下降,但不能达到完全消灭病原菌的目的。     

山西省甘蓝黄叶病病原菌的分离与鉴定

近年来山西省甘蓝黄叶病发生严重,造成了严重的经济损失。本试验采用常规组织分离法对山西省寿阳县甘蓝黄叶病的病原菌进行了分离、纯化,从采集的12份罹病植株根、茎部共分离到28个菌株,经形态学鉴定,分别为尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、木贼镰刀菌(F.equiseti)与砖红镰刀菌(F.lateritium),致病性测定结果表明,尖孢镰刀菌与木贼镰刀菌为山西省甘蓝黄叶病的病原菌,木贼镰刀菌致病性较尖孢镰刀菌弱。此外,木贼镰刀菌作为甘蓝黄叶病病原为首次报道。这一结果为进一步研究和控制该病害提供了可靠的理论依据。     

辽河三角洲水稻纹枯病菌丝融合群测定

辽河三角洲是辽宁省水稻主产区,水稻纹枯病近年来持续严重发生,本研究对辽河三角洲稻区的不同水稻品种上分离获得的纹枯病菌菌株进行融合测试,以便探明水稻品种来源各异的病菌菌群类别及其分布的关系,研究探讨辽河三角洲水稻纹枯病菌菌丝融合群构成,为生产上病害流行、预测以及针对性进行水稻品种选育和推广应用,提供理论基础。     

苹果早期落叶病的发生·防治及相关研究进展

近年来苹果早期落叶病在我国苹果主产区普遍发生,特别是褐斑病和斑点落叶病危害严重,已成为影响苹果生产的主要病害。简要介绍了苹果早期落叶病的发病症状、病原菌的生物学特征、生活史及发病条件、防治方法以及国内外研究进展。     

The BIOEXPLOIT Project

The EU Framework 6 Integrated Project BIOEXPLOIT concerns the exploitation of natural plant biodiversity for the pesticide-free production of food. It focuses on the pathogens Phytophthora infestans, Septoria tritici, Blumeria graminis, Puccinia spp. and Fusarium spp. and on the crops wheat, barley, tomato and potato. The project commenced in October 2005, comprises 45 laboratories in 12 countries, and is carried out by partners from research institutes, universities, private companies and small-medium enterprises. The project has four strategic objectives covered in eight sub-projects. These objectives relate to (i) understanding the molecular components involved in durable disease resistance, (ii) exploring and exploiting the natural biodiversity in disease resistance, (iii) accelerating the introduction of marker-assisted breeding and genetic engineering in the EU plant breeding industry, and (iv) coordinating and integrating resistance breeding research, providing training in new technologies, disseminating the results, and transferring knowledge and technologies to the industry.     

石菖蒲提取物及其初步分离物的抑菌活性研究

[目的]研究石菖蒲对动物病原菌的抗菌活性。[方法]采用滤纸片法和带药培养基涂布法测定了中药植物石菖蒲茎和叶甲醇提取物对13种动物病原菌的抑菌活性;采用液-液萃取法对石菖蒲茎提取物的抑菌活性成分进行初步分离,并测定各萃取物的抑菌活性。[结果]用带药培养基涂布法测定,石菖蒲茎提取物对表皮葡萄球菌、藤黄微球菌、溶壁微球菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、痢疾志贺氏菌、伤寒杆菌、巨大芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌9种供试菌有较好的抑菌作用,其最低抑制浓度（MIC值）分别为1.5、2.5、3.5、2.0、1.5、2.5、2.5、3.5、2.5g/L,对变形杆菌、大肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌和白色念珠菌4种病原菌在样品浓度为10g/L时无抑菌活性;石菖蒲叶提取物的抑菌活性较差,在浓度为10g/L时,对痢疾志贺氏菌和蜡样芽孢杆菌在72h有抑菌活性,对其余供试菌无抑菌活性。用滤纸片法测定,结果与用带药培养基涂布法基本一致,但抑菌圈较小。用1.0g/L的各萃取物样品处理供试病原菌72h,正丁醇萃取物对9种供试病原菌有抑菌作用,石油醚萃取物、乙酸乙酯萃取物和水萃取物无抑菌作用。[结论]中药植物石菖蒲对多种动物病原菌具有抑菌活性,茎的抑菌活性高于叶,抑菌活性物质主要存在于正丁醇萃取物中。     

板栗贮藏中的主要病害及其防治

为了提高板栗的贮藏保鲜效果,开发无公害的天然保鲜剂,以北京产板栗为试材,通过对板栗贮藏期间主要病害病原菌的多次分离、鉴定、接种,初步判断引起板栗贮藏病害的主要病原菌为松生厚星裂壳孢和可可毛球二孢,利用厚朴提取物洗果,可以减少板栗贮藏病害的发生,试验结果表明,在发病高峰时对照发病率为18.35%,利用厚朴提取物洗果的发病率为2.85%￣3.03%。