Effects of superheated steam processing on common buckwheat grains: Lipase inactivation and its association with lipidomics profile during storage

Superheated steam (SS) at 170 °C for 5 min was used to inactivate lipase of common buckwheat grains in this study, which effectively retarded lipid hydrolytic rancidity and maintained lipid nutrition of common buckwheat. Higher stabilities based on lower free fatty acid accumulation and lipase activity were observed in SS-treated buckwheat samples during storage. Meanwhile, SS could suppress oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) in buckwheat, significantly retard the increase of saturated fatty acids and the decrease of polyunsaturated fatty acids during storage. Moreover, the lipidomics profile results indicated that SS processing could retard the increased hydrolysis and oxidation of sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine and lysophosphatidic acid during storage, while regulate the content of galactolipids. Thus, SS processing could effectively inactivate lipase, suppress UFA oxidation, change glycerolipids and glycerophospholipids subclass metabolism, and consequently retard hydrolytic rancidity and the loss of lipid nutrition in buckwheat during storage. SS processing was proved to effectively protect the quality of buckwheat during storage for the first time.     

麦秸半焦低温催化气化实验研究

以麦秸半焦为研究对象,比较麦秸半焦和酸洗麦秸半焦700℃下水蒸气气化实验,研究了麦秸灰分中碱金属含量、催化剂种类(K基、Ca基和Fe基)对气化过程的影响。实验结果表明,麦秸灰分中较高含量的碱金属K能够有效促进半焦气化的进行,使得在非催化条件下半焦的碳转化率达到63.4%,相比酸洗麦秸半焦提高了2.6倍。低温下碱金属K基催化剂对半焦气化的促进作用显著,在700℃和K/Al催化剂条件下H2产率和碳转化率分别达到118.60 mol/kg和98.5%,相较于Ca/Al、Fe/Al催化剂而言,H2产率分别提高了10.7%和20.5%,碳转化率提高了12.4%和31.0%;而Ca/Al及Fe/Al催化剂有利于水气变换反应的进行,可提高气化产物中H2体积分数,降低CO体积分数。综合考虑碳转化率、气体产率及气体组分含量等因素,在催化效果较好的K基催化剂中添加适量的Ca基催化剂有利于调节产气成分,从而进一步提纯获得富氢气体。     

喷气式网带单板干燥机节能途径探讨

为了提高单板干燥过程中的能源利用效率,对单板干燥过程进行了分析并提出有效的节能措施与途径。提出利用单板干燥尾气余热回收系统,以减少尾气直接排入大气时的热量损失,对尾气余热回收利用;提出蒸汽梯级利用回收冷凝水的热量,达到对冷凝水余热回收利用的目的。     

蒸汽爆破技术在玉米秸秆饲料化利用中的研究进展

玉米秸秆是作物残余物中最丰富的木质纤维素生物质之一,主要由纤维素、半纤维素和木质素通过氢键及其他化学键、分子键结合而成,是具有复杂聚合结构的高分子化合物,作为动物饲料的可利用率较低。蒸汽爆破即汽爆,是应用蒸汽弹射原理实现爆炸过程中对生物质预处理的技术。将蒸汽爆破技术应用于玉米秸秆处理,可高效分离纤维素,对玉米秸秆具有明显的解聚作用,有利于提高玉米秸秆的饲料化利用程度。作者介绍了蒸汽爆破工艺原理与参数,综述了蒸汽爆破处理对玉米秸秆纤维结构、化学成分和酶解产糖的影响,以及对玉米秸秆的营养成分消化率和瘤胃微生物附着的影响。已有研究表明,蒸汽爆破可使蒸汽分子渗入植物组织,经过瞬时释放将内能转化为机械能,作用于生物质组织细胞层间,达到原料分解的目的;蒸汽爆破可改变玉米秸秆的纤维结构,降低半纤维素和木质素含量,提高纤维素含量(随着蒸汽爆破的压强和维压时间的增加,半纤维素含量显著降低,而物料含水率的增加会导致纤维素含量升高);蒸汽爆破可提高玉米秸秆体外发酵酶解产糖率,随着蒸汽爆破压强和维压时间的增加,玉米秸秆体外培养酶解还原糖产量增加;蒸汽爆破可使玉米秸秆的体外发酵产气量、产气速率、干物质和酸性洗涤纤维含量显著提高,可提高反刍动物对玉米秸秆的消化利用率,充分利用玉米秸秆的纤维素,提高玉米秸秆的营养价值;蒸汽爆破通过破坏玉米秸秆的表面结构,可促进瘤胃微生物在玉米秸秆上的附着,从而促进玉米秸秆的降解。综上,蒸汽爆破技术处理玉米秸秆可提高其作为饲料的利用率。     

Steam explosion of crop straws improves the characteristics of biochar as a soil amendment

Five crop straws(wheat, rice, maize, oil-rape, and cotton) were first steam-exploded for 2 min at 210°C, 2.5 MPa and then pyrolyzed at 500°C for 2 h. Steam explosion(SE) induced 47–95% and 5–16% reduction of hemicellulose and cellulose, respectively, in the crop straws. The biochars derived from SE-treated feedstocks had a lower specific surface area(SSA) and pore volume, compared to those from pristine feedstocks, with one exception that SE enhanced SSA of oil-rape straw biochar by approximately 16 times. After SE, biochars had significant higher anion exchange capacity(AEC)(6.88–11.44 cmol kg~(–1)) and point of zero net charges(PZNC)(pH 3.61–5.32) values. It can thus be speculated that these biochars may have higher potential for anions adsorption. In addition, oil-rape straw might be suitable to SE pretreatment for preparing biochar as a soil amendment and sorbent as well. Further work is required for testing its application in soil.     

SMA在钢箱梁桥面铺装中的应用

SMA应用时必须根据具体情况对其构成进行调整。本文根据钢桥的特殊要求,对SMA在钢箱梁桥桥面铺装中的使用进行了有益的研究。     

提高刨花板尺寸稳定性的研究——刨花预处理和刨花板的后期热处理

以速生意大利杨为材料,对刨花进行预处理后制成脲醛胶刨花板,用未处理刨花制成酚醛胶刨花扳,并进行后期热处理,分别测试它们的尺寸稳定性,结果表明,两种方法都能较为有效地提高刨花板的尺寸稳定性,具可行性,通过合理选择适宜的预处理和后期处理的时间,可以使刨花板的性能达到预期要求。     

Effect of drying methods on the discoloration of three major domestic softwood species in Korea

1 Introduction Three major softwood species in Korea are Japanese pine (Pinus densiflora), Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) and larch (Larix leptolepis) which have been used for traditional buildings and furniture for a long period of time. They are easily discolored due to drying and UV irradiation. It has been observed that the discoloration varies with different drying methods and the extent of UV irradiation (Mottonen and Luostarinen, 2001; Kang, 2003). To prevent beech from discolorat…     

蒸汽爆破后毛果冷杉湿心材的渗透性分析

测定毛果冷杉湿心材经蒸汽爆破处理后的渗透性, 并进行扫描电镜分析.与对照材相比,毛果冷杉湿心材爆破处理后,径向、弦向的气体渗透性均得到不同程度的改善,且随着爆破压力、爆破温度和爆破循环次数的增加而增加.统计分析表明,不同爆破处理后的湿心材渗透性与对照材的差异均显著.湿心材渗透性的改善,主要是由于蒸汽爆破时产生的蒸汽压力使原本闭塞的纹孔膜产生了部分复位或纹孔膜遭到了破坏.     

木屑高温水蒸气气化制备富氢燃气的特性研究

在高温固定床反应器内,无催化剂作用下,进行了木屑高温水蒸气气化制取富氢燃气的特性研究。实验主要研究3 g原料,反应温度(750～1 050℃)及水蒸气流量(0～1.5 g/min)对燃气组分、产氢率、燃气热值(QLHV)等气化过程评价指标的影响。实验结果表明:反应温度和水蒸气流量对燃气组分影响很大,较高的反应温度和加入适量的水蒸气有利于氢气的产生,但随着反应温度的升高和水蒸气流量的增加会使燃气热值降低。在1 000℃时,水蒸气流量为1.02 g/min时,燃气中氢气体积分数可达51.03%,产氢率为71.08 g/kg(以干燥基计,下同),为理论最大产氢率(172.02 g/kg)的41.32%。考虑到实际操作过程,在反应温度为850℃时,水蒸气流量的最佳值为1.02 g/min。木屑高温水蒸气气化所得燃气热值在11～13 MJ/m3范围内变化。研究结果证明,高温水蒸气气化是生物质制取富氢燃气的一种有效方法。