氧化石墨烯和五价砷在改性多孔介质中的共迁移特征

砷是农田土壤重金属污染的主要元素之一,在砷污染农田土壤的修复过程中往往忽视纳米颗粒能够使结合态的砷重新释放,导致有效态砷浓度升高,探究土壤中黏土矿物对氧化石墨烯(Graphene Oxide,GO)和五价砷(As(V))在多孔介质中迁移行为的影响,对进一步完善农田土壤砷修复理论以及提高农作物产量、保护人体健康具有重要意义。该研究利用蒙脱石和高岭石改性石英砂,通过砂柱迁移试验系统地研究了GO、As(V)和GO-As(V)在填加0%、10%、30%和50%的蒙脱石和高岭石改性石英砂柱中的迁移行为。研究结果表明,随着高岭石和蒙脱石改性石英砂填加比例的增加,GO和As(V)的迁移能力均呈降低趋势,且GO和As(V)在不同条件下的迁移曲线均存在显著差异(P0.05);GO在50%高岭石和蒙脱石改性石英砂柱中的回收率相对于石英砂柱分别下降了14%和17%,As(V)分别下降了15%和12%;在共迁移试验中,GO和As(V)在石英砂柱中回收率分别上升至99%和100%。分析表明,As(V)在蒙脱石改性石英砂柱中的迁移能力大于高岭石改性石英砂,而GO与之相反;当GO和与As(V)共迁移时,二者在介质中的迁移能力均大于其单独迁移。本研究表明GO、As(V)释放到土壤后,能够加速As(V)的迁移,造成土壤砷污染的扩大化。     

酚醛树脂/蒙脱土混合溶液固化特性研究

用单因素法分析蒙脱土和酚醛树脂混合溶液的固化情况,结果表明蒙脱土分散浓度增加,混合溶液固化时间增长;酚醛树脂浓度和固化温度加大,固化时间缩短,其中温度是影响固化效果较为明显的因素;不加固化剂时固化效果更好.     

柱撑酸化蒙脱土催化合成丙烯酸正丁酯的研究

将蒙脱土经不同方法进行改性处理,并以此为催化剂,催化丙烯酸与正丁醇反应生成丙烯酸正丁酯。考察了以微波处理的柱撑酸化蒙脱土为催化剂催化合成丙烯酸正丁酯的反应条件。结果表明,以微波处理的柱撑酸化蒙脱土催化效果最好,适宜的反应条件为：丙烯酸为0.1 mol,醇酸的摩尔比为1.2：1,阻聚剂为对苯二酚,其用量为0.3 g,约为丙烯酸质量的4%,催化剂的用量1.7g,约为丙烯酸质量的20%,反应的时间为7 h,在回流状态下,其酯化率为84.1%。催化剂可以重复使用。     

Evaluation on Tolerance of Montmorillonite as a Mycotoxin Adsorbent

In order to study the tolerance dose of Kunming mice to montmorillonite as a mycotoxin adsorbent in diets,the experiment selected 60 healthy male Kunming mice with initial average body weight of (17±0.12)g,randomly divided them into 5 treatments with two replicates per group and 6 mice per replicate.Five experimental diets were added to 0 (control group),0.5%,1%,2% and 5% montmorillonite,respectively.After 30 days,the growth performance,nutrients apparent digestibility,serum biochemical indices and internal organization were tested to determine the tolerance dose of montmorillonite for Kunming mice.The results showed that the ADFI was significantly increased in 0.5% group (P< 0.05),while there were no significant differences in ADFI and ADG between 1% group and control group (P> 0.05),then the ADFI was significantly decreased with the increasing of montmorillonite supplemental level (P< 0.05).The ADG in 2% group had no significant difference when compared with the control group (P> 0.05),while significantly lower than that in 0.5% and 1% groups (P< 0.05).The apparent digestibility of DM,CP and EE showed no significant effect at any level of montmorillonite (P> 0.05).Serum ALT,AST activities and MDA content were gradually increased with the montmorillonite supplemental level increasing,and that in 1%,2% and 5% groups were significantly higher than that in control group (P< 0.05),but there were no significant differences between 0.5% group and control group (P> 0.05).Tissue sections showed that mice livers were damaged in varying degrees when the montmorillonite supplemental level was 5%.In conclusion,based on a comprehensive consideration of all indexes,it could be seen that the tolerance dose of the tested montmorillonite for Kunming mice was between 0.5% and 2% when mycotoxin contents in diets were in security range.     

纳米蒙脱石抑菌性能研究

本文采用快速分散、研磨、高速离心的方法对高纯蒙脱石进行分级,研究普通蒙脱石和纳米蒙脱石抑制黄曲霉菌的效果。结果表明:蒙脱石在水中分散后,逐步由悬浮液转变为凝胶体,当中位径为3.9μm时,抑菌效果较差;中位径为0.92μm时,抑菌效果明显提高;中位径为0.26μm时,抑菌效果最好。     

低分子量有机酸对粘土矿物吸附二氯喹啉酸的影响

采用批量平衡法,研究了6种低分子量有机酸(柠檬酸、酒石酸、苹果酸、乙酸、草酸和丁二酸)对3种粘土矿物(高岭土、蒙脱石、凹凸棒石)吸附二氯喹啉酸的影响。结果表明:当低分子量有机酸存在时,供试3种粘土矿物对二氯喹啉酸的吸附过程可用Linear和Freundlich吸附等温方程描述,且Freundlich方程的拟合效果更好。供试6种有机酸对二氯喹啉酸在高岭土中吸附量的影响程度从低到高依次为苹果酸<柠檬酸<草酸<乙酸<酒石酸<丁二酸,在蒙脱石中的顺序为乙酸<草酸<苹果酸<丁二酸<酒石酸<柠檬酸,在凹凸棒石中的顺序为乙酸<丁二酸<草酸<苹果酸<酒石酸<柠檬酸。不同浓度低分子量有机酸对3种供试粘土矿物吸附二氯喹啉酸均能产生显著的影响,但影响程度因粘土矿物和有机酸种类的不同而有较大差异。     

Effects of Cu2+-exchanged montmorillonite on intestinal microflora, digestibility and digestive enzyme activities of Nile tilapia

A total of 360 Nile tilapia at an average initial body weight of 3.9 g were randomly allocated to four treatments, each of which had three replicates of 30 fish per tank and used to investigate the effects of Cu²⁺‐exchanged montmorillonite (Cu‐MMT) on intestinal microflora, digestibility and digestive enzyme activities. The dietary treatments were: (i) basal diet, (ii) basal diet + 1.5 g kg^?1 MMT; (iii) basal diet + 30 mg kg^?1 copper as CuSO₄ (equivalent to the copper in the Cu‐MMT treatment group), or (iv) basal diet + 1.5 g kg^?1 Cu‐MMT. The results showed that supplementation with Cu‐MMT significantly improved growth performance as compared with the control and fish fed with Cu‐MMT had higher growth performance than those fed with MMT or CuSO₄. Supplementation with Cu‐MMT reduced (P < 0.05) the total intestinal aerobic bacterial counts and affected the composition of intestinal microflora with Aeromonas, Vibrio, Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Acinetobacter, Alcaligence, Enterobacteriaceae decreasing as compared with the control. Addition of MMT improved (P < 0.05) the apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude protein, and the activities of intestinal amylase, lipase, and alkaline phosphatase as compared with the control. Addition of Cu‐MMT improved (P < 0.05) the apparent digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, and crude ash, and the activities of total protease, amylase, lipase, and alkaline phosphatase as compared with the control. While supplementation with CuSO₄ had no (P > 0.05) effect on intestinal microflora, digestibility, and digestive enzyme activities the results showed that Cu‐MMT exhibited antibacterial activity in vivo resulting in a positive effect on digestive enzyme activities, and then promoted the digestion and absorption of dietary nutrition.     

离子交换伏安法测定人发中痕量镉的研究

报道了一种测定痕量镉的电化学分析方法。在 pH 4.0 0的磷酸盐缓冲溶液中 ,镉离子在钠型蒙脱石修饰玻碳电极上通过离子交换有十分灵敏的阳极溶出峰 ,且峰高与镉的含量相关。据此建立了测定痕量镉离子的方法 ,优化了各种试验条件 ,如支持电解质的选择、pH值的影响、修饰剂的用量、富集电位及时间、以及扫描速率。该方法测定镉时线性范围为 8×1 0 - 9～ 2× 1 0 - 6 mol/L ,检出限为 1× 1 0 - 9mol/L。方法简便、快速 ,灵敏度高。用此法测定了人发样品中的镉离子含量 ,结果令人满意。     

蒙脱土改性尿素醛肥料的制备及性能研究

【目的】研制氮缓释性能优异且制备工艺简单的缓控释肥料。【方法】采用溶液聚合法将具有纳米层状结构的蒙脱土(MMT)穿插在含有营养元素的聚合物缓释肥料尿素醛(UF)中,制备得到一种具有插层结构的新型生物降解高分子缓控释肥料。采用FTIR、XRD对制备肥料的结构进行表征,通过SEM观察肥料的表面形貌,研究原料配比对肥料加工性能的影响,测定肥料在静水中的释放特性。【结果】随着MMT的加入,制备的缓控释肥料的动态流变性能得到极大提升;其对氮具有优异的缓释效果,在静水中培养70 d,氮的最大累积释放率为38.79%,表明通过破坏结晶性聚合物原有的晶体结构可以提高其缓释性能。【结论】研究结果对于解决目前使用最普遍的化学合成型缓释化肥尿素醛由于高结晶度而导致的缓释性能差的问题具有参考意义。