茶树凋落叶浸提液对菘蓝生理生化的化感效应

为研究茶树凋落叶浸提液对菘蓝生长与生理生化的化感效应,以模拟自然条件下雨雾淋溶方式,采用不同浓度的茶树凋落叶浸提液(CK:0 mg·mL^-1、T1:6.25 mg·mL^-1、T2:12.5 mg·mL^-1、T3:25 mg·mL^-1 和T4:50 mg·mL^-1)处理菘蓝,测定其生长、抗氧化酶活性及其基因表达量、细胞膜损伤率以及丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)、渗透调节物质和次生代谢物含量的变化。结果表明,茶树凋落叶浸提液对菘蓝生长表现出“低促高抑”的浓度效应,与CK相比,T1对菘蓝生长具有一定的促进作用,而浸提液浓度超过菘蓝的耐受阈值时,会对其生长产生不利的影响。随着浸提液浓度的升高,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量呈先上升后下降的趋势,而脯氨酸含量则持续增加。与CK相比,T1的MDA含量、细胞膜损伤率和H₂O含量差异不显著,而T3、T4则显著升高。茶树凋落叶浸提液对抗氧化酶活性及其基因表达有不同的影响,T1的过氧化物酶(POD)与抗坏血酸氧化物酶(APX)活性最高,T2的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性最高,而T3、T4的4种抗氧化酶活性均显著低于CK。T1的Pod、Cat、Apx基因表达量最高,而T4则抑制了抗氧化酶基因的表达。此外,POD活性与其基因表达量呈显著正相关,而超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、CAT和APX活性与其基因表达量的相关性不显著。不同浓度的茶树凋落叶浸提液对于菘蓝次生代谢物质积累的影响存在显著差异,低浓度茶树凋落叶浸提液对菘蓝生长、靛蓝和靛玉红含量积累有促进作用,而高浓度茶树凋落叶浸提液对总黄酮含量积累有一定的促进作用。本研究结果可为幼龄茶园中茶树-菘蓝复合种植提供理论参考。     

杨木低聚木糖对肉鸡生长性能、肠道消化酶活性和短链脂肪酸含量及血清激素水平的影响

本试验以肉鸡为研究对象,对以杨木屑为原料、采用醋酸催化法制取的低聚木糖进行评价,研究低聚木糖对肉鸡生长性能、肠道消化酶活性和短链脂肪酸含量及血清激素水平的影响,探讨低聚木糖的促生长机制,为醋酸催化法生产低聚木糖的应用提供理论依据。选用120只1日龄爱拔益加肉公鸡,随机分为2个组,即对照组和低聚木糖组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,低聚木糖组以0.02%低聚木糖等量替代基础饲粮中的沸石,试验期为42 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,饲粮添加低聚木糖显著提高了肉鸡42日龄时的体重以及22~42日龄和1~42日龄的平均日增重(P<0.05),显著降低了料重比(P<0.05),对平均日采食量无显著影响(P>0.05);2)与对照组相比,饲粮添加低聚木糖显著提高了肉鸡十二指肠脂肪酶活性(P<0.05),有提高十二指肠蛋白酶活性的趋势(P=0.056),但对空肠、回肠和盲肠脂肪酶和蛋白酶活性无显著影响(P>0.05);3)与对照组相比,饲粮添加低聚木糖对盲肠短链脂肪酸含量无显著影响(P>0.05);4)与对照组相比,饲粮添加低聚木糖显著增加了肉鸡血清生长激素和三碘甲腺原氨酸(T 3)含量(P<0.05),显著降低了血清甲状腺素(T 4)含量(P<0.05),显著降低了T 4/T 3值(P<0.05)。综上所述,低聚木糖通过提高肠道消化酶活性,促进与生长相关的激素分泌,提高营养物质利用率,从而改善肉鸡的生长性能。     

2020年新疆地区猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒抗体检测与分析

为了解2020年新疆地区猪繁殖与呼吸障碍综合征病毒（PRRSV）抗体水平及其消长规律,本试验采用间接酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法对1 218份血清中PRRSV免疫抗体水平进行检测和分析。结果显示,PRRSV抗体平均阳性率为78.49%（956/1218）,高于国家规定标准（70%）。S/P的平均值为1.22±0.84,变异系数为69.45%。不同类别猪群抗体平均阳性率在59.19%~91.50%之间,有一定的差异。在调查的10个规模化养殖场中,9个场PRRSV免疫抗体阳性率达到国家标准。不同类别猪群PRRSV变异系数较高,需进一步对现有的免疫程序进行调整和完善,确保各猪群健康。     

2019—2020年新疆部分地区猪PCV2的抗体水平检测及分析

为了解2019—2020年新疆地区猪圆环病毒病2型（PCV2）抗体水平及其消长规律,本试验采用间接酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）方法对475份血清中PCV2免疫抗体水平进行检测和分析。结果显示,PCV2抗体平均阳性率为69.68%（331/475）,未达到国家规定标准（70%）。S/P的平均值为1.56。不同类别猪群抗体平均阳性率在42.50%~86.67%之间,有一定的差异。在调查的5个规模化养殖场中,仅有2个场PCV2免疫抗体阳性率达到国家标准。各场应根据抗体检测结果,进一步对现有的免疫程序进行调整和完整,确保各猪群健康。     

Proportionality principle revisited – relationship between application rates and pesticide residue concentrations in food commodities

BACKGROUND

The proportionality principle has been broadly used for over 10 years in regulatory assessments of pesticide residues. It allows extrapolation of supervised field trial data conducted at lower or higher application rates compared to the use pattern under evaluation by adjustment of measured concentrations, assuming direct proportionality between the rates applied and the resulting residues. This work revisits the principle idea by using supervised residue trials sets conducted under identical conditions but with deviating application rates. Four different statistical methods were used to investigate the relationship between application rates and residue concentrations and to draw conclusions on the statistical significance of the direct proportionality assumed.

RESULTS

Based on over 5000 individual trial results, the assumption of direct proportionality was not confirmed to be statistically significant (P > 0.05) using three models: direct comparison of application rates and residue concentrations ratios and two linear log-log regression models correlating application rate and residue concentration or only residue concentrations per se. In addition, a fourth model analysed deviations between expected concentrations following direct proportional adjustment and measured residue values from corresponding field trials. In 56% of all cases, the deviation was larger than ±25%, which represents the tolerance usually accepted for the selection of supervised field trials in regulatory assessments.

CONCLUSION

Overall, the assumption of direct proportionality between application rates and resulting residue concentrations of pesticides was not statistically significant. Although the proportionality approach is highly pragmatic in regulatory practice, its use should be considered carefully on a case-by-case basis. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

饲粮能量和蛋白质水平对滩羊小肠中小肽和氨基酸转运载体mRNA表达量的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮能量和蛋白质水平对滩羊小肠中小肽和氨基酸转运载体mRNA表达量的影响。选取112只健康、体重相近的滩羊,随机分成4组,每组4个重复,每个重复7只羊。标准水平的饲粮能量和蛋白质水平参考《肉羊饲养标准》(NY/T 816—2004),各组试验滩羊分别饲喂不同能量和蛋白质水平饲粮:0.84×标准水平(Ⅰ组)、0.96×标准水平(Ⅱ组)、1.08×标准水平(Ⅲ组)和1.20×标准水平(Ⅳ组)。试验根据羊体重分2个阶段:29~35 kg和36~40 kg。于每个阶段末,每个重复屠宰1只试验羊,取其小肠组织样,运用实时荧光定量PCR技术,研究小肽转运载体1(Pep T1)、y+型氨基酸转运载体1(CAT1)、兴奋性氨基酸转运载体3(EAAT3)mRNA表达量的变化。结果表明:1)在29~35 kg阶段末,小肠中Pep T1 mRNA的表达量随着饲粮能量和蛋白质水平的提高呈先下降再上升的趋势,Ⅱ组显著低于其他3组(P0.05);Ⅳ组小肠中CAT1 mRNA的表达量显著高于其他3组(P0.05);Ⅲ组小肠中EAAT3mRNA的表达量显著高于其他3组(P0.05)。2)在36~40 kg阶段末,Ⅱ组小肠中Pep T1mRNA的表达量显著高于其他3组(P0.05);Ⅱ组小肠中CAT1 mRNA的表达量显著高于Ⅲ组(P0.05);小肠中EAAT3 mRNA的表达量随着饲粮能量和蛋白质水平的提高呈上升趋势,Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组小肠中EAAT3 mRNA的表达量显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮能量和蛋白质水平会影响滩羊小肠中Pep T1、CAT1、EAAT3 mRNA的表达量,使机体对小肽和氨基酸的吸收利用率随之改变,以适应滩羊的生长发育。     

汤河水库分期汛限水位方案效益分析

水库汛期的蓄水担负着城市供水、工农业供水、发电等兴利任务。科学合理地优化水库分期汛限水位,是保障水库供水量和防洪安全的有效手段。以汤河水库为研究对象,提出水库分期汛限水位优化方案,并对调整分期汛限水位后水库增容产生的效益进行分析。     

Indigestion in Young Calves: I. Different Lactose Levels in Milk Diets and Milk Replacers

Increasing the lactose content of different milk replacers or milk diets by approx. 30 % of the dry matter increased the frequency of diarrhoea the first 10–12 days in young calves on all occasions in 5 experiments comprising 120 calves. For all diets taken together, this effect was highly significant. Total daily intakes of lactose amounted to 200–480 g. When lactose was given on top of the milk rations, the growth rate increased significantly, whereas the growth rate was usually insignificantly reduced when lactose replaced other nutrients in milk diets or milk replacers, their levels of protein and fat becoming low. Albumin and total protein in blood plasma were significantly lower when the dietary protein level was low. Milk replacers with 20 or 40 % whey powder, replacing skim milk powder, performed equally well, but gave significantly less growth than the old-fashioned feeding of whole milk-skim milk. Intake of hay and barley and a number of clinical and histological or pathological parameters did not vary consistently with dietary level of whey powder or lactose. Feeding whole milk all the time resulted in low intake of hay and barley and poorly developed forestomachs, but high dressing-out %. Substituting soya for part of the skim milk powder in milk replacers gave abomasal content with no curds. In most cases, pH in the rumen appeared to be nearly up to neutral until the calves ate ground barley, about 1 month old.     

合肥野生动物园5种雉鸡接种新城疫疫苗后抗体水平测定

选择成年白冠长尾雉5只,白腹锦鸡5只,白鹇3只,红腹锦鸡3只和孔雀11只,同时用L系弱毒冻干苗和新城疫油乳剂灭活疫苗进行免疫接种,通过血凝抑制试验(HI)测定其抗体滴度.结果表明,在免疫接种后26 d,白冠长尾雉抗体效价为9.8log2,白腹锦鸡为8.0log2,白鹇为8.0log2,红腹锦鸡为10.7log2;孔雀在免疫后接种0、8、15、20、25 d,抗体水平分别为3.8log2、5.0log2、6.2log2、7.5log2及8.2log2.