花期低温对水稻叶鞘生理及结实率的影响

盆栽条件下，以耐冷性不同的2个水稻（Oryza sativa L.）品种龙稻5（耐冷型）和龙粳11（冷敏型）为材料，于开花期在人工气候室进行低温（15℃，分别持续1，2，3，4，5 d）处理，研究开花期低温对不同耐冷性水稻结实率及叶鞘膜透性、抗氧化酶等生理指标的影响。结果表明：低温处理2 d时，龙稻5和龙粳11的花粉活力分别下降了8.21%和16.10%，差异达极显著水平；低温处理3 d后，龙稻5的结实率下降到99.90%，与CK相比差异达到显著水平；低温处理1 d后，龙粳11的结实率下降到60.04%，与对照相比差异达到极显著水平。低温处理提高了水稻叶鞘相对电导率和脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白含量，处理5 d时各指标达最大值，与CK相比，龙稻15和龙粳11分别提高了38.01%和20.77%、25.06%和84.85%、25.82%和23.63%。同时低温处理也提高了叶鞘超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性，处理3 d时酶活性达最大值，龙稻15和龙粳11分别较CK提高了10.57%和14.90%、86.26%和68.71%、17.73%和28.25%。综上所述，开花期低温引起水稻叶鞘膜脂过氧化程度升高，但也诱导水稻叶鞘抗氧化系统开启、保护酶活性上升以抵御低温伤害；开花期低温导致水稻花粉活力降低并引起结实率降低，耐冷品种较冷敏品种抵御能力强。     

African Horse Sickness Fever in Vaccinated Horses: Short Communication

Our investigation has shown that multiple vaccinations with inactivated African horse sickness (AHS) vaccines containing all 9 serotypes and produced at the Central Veterinary Research Laboratory in Dubai, UAE, protect horses from AHS. However, the immunization did not prevent African horse sickness fever (AHSF) in approximately 10% of the vaccinated horses despite high enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and virus neutralizing antibodies. African horse sickness fever is a very mild form of AHS with similar clinical signs. From all 6 horses which had developed AHSF, no virus was isolated from EDTA blood withdrawn during the acute phase of infection. Despite high neutralizing antibodies, serotype 9 was detected by polymerase chain reaction in 4 of them. All 6 horses recovered within 72 hours, after they developed mild clinical signs of AHS.     

Analysis of sinking death using video images of the swimming performance of Pacific Bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) larvae

In this study, we aimed to clarify the mechanism of sinking death during the larval stage of Pacific Bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis by investigating the effects of swimming performance on sinking death, using a behavioral approach. Swimming performance was examined 3–9 days after hatching (DAH) under day and night light conditions in cuboid experimental tanks. Swimming behavior variables such as swimming speed and swimming angle were measured under both light conditions. Larvae in the daytime experiment and larvae with inflated swim bladders at night were distributed on the surface layer of the water column. In contrast, larvae with uninflated swim bladders at night were frequently observed swimming vertically or sinking to the bottom of the tank. Larvae with inflated swim bladders at night were always distributed beneath the surface until the next morning (survival rates were 100 %). However, larvae with uninflated swim bladders at night swam upward repeatedly and later sank to the bottom of the tank (survival rates were 60 % and 38 % at 5 and 9 DAH, respectively). Larvae with uninflated swim bladders were not always able to maintain their swimming depth by swimming until the next morning. Additionally, their swimming speed and vertical swimming frequency (ratio) depended on the illumination and swim bladder conditions. Our findings show that larvae with uninflated swim bladders at night were associated with a higher risk of sinking death. The swimming energy capacity of Pacific Bluefin tuna larvae, which indicates the total amount of the energy that enables individuals to swim throughout the night without feeding, was found to be linked to sinking death.     

毛竹笋用林合理竹龄结构及其笋期生长规律

通过多年不同毛竹林分观测分析,提出2度竹的比例在一定范围内影响着笋用林的产量。分析丽水市郊山地笋用林盛期出现的时间及其发生规律,认为笋用林笋期生长规律和气象因子关系密切,丽水市郊的山地笋用林通常是在3月下旬至4月上旬为出笋盛期。对刚露箨叶至出土后10天的笋个体分析表明,对单支笋重的影响长度比笋径大,留笋时间的长短对产量有决定性影响,但从营养成分、加工适性等方面考虑,以笋刚出土时挖掘为最适时期,此时,笋长与笋径相关极显著。     

越冬期地面灌溉技术研究

基于越冬期大田土壤入渗和灌水试验,采用试验研究和模拟分析相结合的方法,分析讨论了冬灌水流运动特点,揭示了表征灌溉效果的各项指标随地中温度的变化特性,提出了提高越冬期灌溉灌水效果的5项技术:短畦灌溉技术、长畦灌溉技术、小流量灌溉技术、秋耕灌溉技术和最冷月免灌技术。研究结果对我国北方缺水地区冬季合理灌溉具有重要指导意义。     

黑龙江省主要农作物生育期降水的分形特征与生态学意义

应用分形理论研究了黑龙江省各县市1984-1999年主要作物生育期(4-9月)降水的变化特点。结果表明:主要作物生育期降水存在较好的自相似关系,具有显著的分形特征;各县市分维结果反映,黑龙江省主要作物生育期降水分维从西南到东北增加,北部分维最高,分维越高说明降水变化越复杂、越不稳定。     

返青期休牧对退化高寒草地植被特征及优势种光合生理的影响

为探讨返青期休牧对退化高寒草地植被特征及优势种光合生理的影响,本研究在祁连山区选择已实施返青期休牧6年的高寒草甸开展了植被特征及优势种光合生理相关指标的调查研究。结果表明：返青期休牧6年后,高寒草甸的植被盖度、地上生物量、地下生物量和土壤含水量较未休牧区分别增加了38.44%,985.00%,209.56%和62.62%,其优势禾草垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans）株高、叶片净光合速率、光化学量子效率、呼吸速率、叶面积、相对叶绿素含量和叶片氮含量分别提高了965.77%,139.86%,4.92%,269.37%,254.13%,197.02%和96.24%（P<0.05）,其地上地下生物量与除叶温和光化学猝灭系数外的指标显著相关,叶片净光合速率与除叶温外的指标显著相关。因此,返青期休牧可显著增强高寒草地优势禾草的光合作用和呼吸作用,促进植物生长及退化草地的恢复。本研究为推广实施返青期休牧这一措施来恢复退化高寒草地植被提供了理论基础。     

暴雨预报的力子天气学模式和应用实例(英文)

[目的]对2010年湖南汛期13次暴雨过程进行力子天气学分析。[方法]采用力子天气学原理,通过对2010年出现在湖南的13次区域性暴雨天气过程进行合成分析。[结果]2010年湖南汛期的13次暴雨都与自组织的辐合水气流密切相关,暴雨是自组织辐合水汽流爆发后所产生的必然结果;自组织辐合水汽流的孕育区对应未来12-36小时出现暴雨的区域;自组织辐合水汽流孕育区一旦消失,则未来12-36小时不会有区域性暴雨出现;自组织辐合水汽流孕育区产生在大尺度南北力子偶的交汇域。[结论]南北力子偶是否存在可以作为汛期区域性暴雨的短期预报模式。     

抗战时期陕甘宁边区奶业 技术扩散及其影响因素

抗日战争时期，陕甘宁边区的奶业方兴未艾。以光华农场为代表的奶业科研及生产机构，大力开展奶畜育种、饲养、管理、防疫等方面的科研工作，试验制作奶酪、奶皮、奶油、酸奶等奶制品，成为了边区奶业的技术扩散源。抗日军民对牛、羊奶的大量需求，客观上促进了边区奶业技术的传播与辐射，但受经济条件、饮食习惯以及市场流通等多重因素的影响和制约，边区奶业技术扩散呈现出比较复杂的情形。     

Nitrate leaching in a silage maize field under different irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer rates

Quantification of the interactive effects of nitrogen (N) and water on nitrate (NO₃) loss provides an important insight for more effective N and water management. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of different irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer levels on nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N) leaching in a silage maize field. The experiment included four irrigation levels (0.7, 0.85, 1.0, and 1.13 of soil moisture depletion, SMD) and three N fertilization levels (0, 142, and 189 kg N ha⁻¹), with three replications. Ceramic suction cups were used to extract soil solution at 30 and 60 cm soil depths for all 36 experimental plots. Soil NO₃-N content of 0-30 and 30-60-cm layers were evaluated at planting and harvest maturity. Total N uptake (NU) by the crop was also determined. Maximum NO₃-N leaching out of the 60-cm soil layer was 8.43 kg N ha⁻¹, for the 142 kg N ha⁻¹ and over irrigation (1.13 SMD) treatment. The minimum and maximum seasonal average NO₃ concentration at the 60 cm depth was 46 and 138 mg l⁻¹, respectively. Based on our findings, it is possible to control NO₃ leaching out of the root zone during the growing season with a proper combination of irrigation and fertilizer management.