土壤有机碳时空变化研究进展与展望

土壤有机碳不但是土壤肥力形成、粮食生产和土壤健康的基础,而且在全球碳平衡中起着关键的作用,因此,明晰土壤有机碳时空变化规律对于保障土壤健康和粮食安全、发挥土壤生态系统服务功能和应对气候变化等均具有重要意义。本文首先介绍了土壤有机碳时空变化的主要驱动因素和估算方法,随后分析了全球及国家等相对较大尺度上土壤有机碳时空变化研究的主要进展,最后从土壤有机碳模型结构改进、驱动数据分辨率提升、不确定性量化评估等方面综合分析了未来土壤有机碳时空变化研究需亟待解决的重要科学问题。     

川西高山树线交错带海拔梯度上土壤有机碳稳定性特征

高山树线交错带是高海拔地带对环境变化最为敏感的生态系统之一，土壤有机碳库及其稳定性在生态系统变化中具有显著指示作用。通过物理-化学方法对土壤不同活性有机碳进行连续分级分离，研究土壤有机碳不同组分在海拔环境梯度下分布特征及稳定性。结果表明，高山树线交错带土壤有机碳主要集中在物理分级组分（≥0.02 mm），且粒径越大有机碳含量越高，即主要以颗粒态有机碳形式存在，占比均高于98%；在<0.02 mm有机-无机复合体中有机碳采用化学分级分离，这部分有机碳占比低于土壤总有机碳2%，且主要以腐殖质（胡敏素）形式存在（占土壤总有机碳0.6%~0.8%），腐殖质占有机碳比例远低于一般土壤；随着海拔升高，土壤有机碳总量上升，颗粒态有机碳（物理分级组分）比例升高，胡敏素类腐殖质比例下降。因此，川西高海拔树线交错带的高寒土壤有机碳，主要以不稳定有机碳（POC）形式存在，随着温度上升（海拔降低）将导致土壤矿质化和腐殖化加剧，有机碳总量下降，土壤不稳定性组分（物理分级组分）降低，土壤稳定性（腐殖化比例）上升。     

Determining soil organic carbon for agricultural soils: a comparison between the Walkley & Black and the dry combustion methods (north Belgium)

Mapping soil organic carbon (SOC) and establishing any change over time are important because of CO₂ fluxes between soil and atmosphere and cropland decreases in SOC. The latter is one of the main causes of soil fertility decline and increased erodibility. As most analytical methods underestimate total SOC content, correction factors are needed to avoid methodological bias when comparing SOC data from sampling campaigns using different analytical procedures. The traditional method for SOC analysis used to be, and in most cases still is wet oxidation in potassium dichromate, better known as the Walkley & Black method. In this study, we aim to estimate correction factors for the classic and modified version of the Walkley & Black method for different land use and soil type combinations for agricultural soils in north Belgium. General correction factors of 1.47 for the classic Walkley & Black method and 1.20 for the modified Walkley & Black method are proposed. The results show that sandy grassland soils are characterised by lower recoveries than silt loam grassland soils. Furthermore, the correction factor appears to increase with soil wetness.     

串联式混合动力汽车模糊控制策略的研究

针对串联式混合动力汽车特点,提出了恒SOC模糊逻辑控制策略。一方面,模糊逻辑控制器根据路况功率需求和蓄电池SOC,分配发动机给定功率,实现恒SOC控制;另一方面,将发动机的工作点控制在发动机最小燃油消耗的高效率区间内,使发动机具有较好的燃油经济性。实例仿真结果表明,恒SOC模糊逻辑控制具有较好的鲁棒性,能在不同的循环工况下实现恒SOC控制,且具有较好的燃油经济性。     

并联式混合动力汽车瞬时控制策略研究与改进

通过对并联式混合动力汽车瞬时控制策略的研究,分别建立了动力电池在充电和放电两种工况下的等效油耗函数,考虑到动力电池SOC和混合动力汽车制动能量回收这两个因素的影响,导出了改进后的等效油耗瞬时控制目标函数,并建立了瞬时控制模型。针对某款并联式混合动力汽车,运用ADVISOR 2002软件,对改进前后的瞬时控制策略进行了仿真。     

玛纳斯河流域盐渍化弃耕地新垦土地对土壤有机碳及团聚体稳定性的变化分析

[目的]对玛纳斯河流域不同恢复模式下盐渍化弃耕地土壤有机碳及团聚体稳定性的变化特征进行分析.[方法]以玛纳斯河流域为背景,选取典型的重度盐渍化弃耕地为试验区.随着弃耕地变成棉田年限的增加,土壤有机碳（SOC）含量增加,开垦2、5和10年的土壤微生物生物量碳（MBC）和易氧化有机碳（LOC）的含量以及土壤水溶性有机碳（WSOC）和土壤热水溶性有机碳（HWSOC）的含量较弃耕地高.连续人工开垦后SOC和大团聚体（＞1 mm）含量增加,土壤团聚体稳定性增强,其中开垦10年0～5、5～10 cm土层＞1mm团聚体分别占56.9％和56.7％,团粒指数下降至43.9％.[结论]水稳性团聚体的含量与SOC和土壤HWSOC达到0.05水平显著正相关.玛纳斯河流域盐渍化弃耕地新垦土地对绿洲农田土壤HWSOC对维持土壤团聚体稳定性的贡献明显.     

基于NIR及PLS-PCR-SVR预测森林土壤有机碳含量

森林土壤有机碳含量是表征林地土壤营养状况的重要指标,该文建立了土壤有机碳含量的近红外光谱定标模型,并比较了偏最小二乘法（PLS）、支持向量机回归（SVR）、主成分回归（PCR）3种建模方法及Savitzky-Golay平滑＋多元散射校正、Savitzky-Golay平滑＋一阶导数、Savitzky-Golay平滑＋二阶导数、Savitzky-Golay平滑＋多元散射校正＋一阶导数、Savitzky-Golay平滑＋多元散射校正＋二阶导数5种光谱预处理方法对土壤有机碳含量定标模型精度的影响,同时进行了波段优选。结果表明：当光谱区域为1 380～1 450 nm,1 800～1 950 nm,2 050～2 300 nm,光谱数据采用Savitzky-Golay平滑＋多元散射校正＋一阶导数预处理,采用PLS的建模方法,主成分数为8时,建立的校正模型预测效果最佳。校正模型的R、RMSE、SEC分别为0.805 2、0.512 2、0.512 5;预测模型的R、RMSE、SEP分别为0.768 1、0.514 3、0.514 6。因此,利用近红外光谱技术可以实现土壤有机碳含量的快速估测,为林区实时、大面积、快速测定森林土壤有机碳含量提供了技术可行性。     

大尺度散体组构分维和SOC判据研究

介绍了15组散粒体自组织临界性与粒径的非均匀性有关的真实沙堆模型,分析了实验表现出来的3种动力学行为:即准周期分布、正态分布和负幂律分布;进而研究了非均匀系数不能描述系统组构的自相似性和作为自组织临界性的判据。应用分形理论研究了沙堆组构的分形特征。研究结果表明,非均匀系数为1.53~5.0时,沙堆组构具有良好的分形特征,分维数在非均匀系数<2.85时增长较快,>2.85时增长较慢,但分维数不超过3.0。分析了沙堆组构的分形特征与自组织临界性的内在联系,指出呈现出自组织临界性的系统具有稳健的分形结构,并讨论了自组织临界性的判据。最后探讨了SOC理论在山地灾害预测预报和防治工程设计中的应用。     

Erosion and deposition history derived by depth-stratigraphy of Cs and soil organic carbon

There are a number of uncertainties in the use of ¹³⁷Cs as a marker for deriving soil erosion rates. However, this should not limit other potential uses of this anthropogenic radionuclide in the study of soil landscape processes. This study outlines a sampling methodology which aids in the assessment of the history of erosion and depositional processes within a landscape unit. The depth distribution of ¹³⁷Cs and soil organic carbon (SOC) was utilized as a means of determining the erosion and depositional history of a conventionally tilled agricultural field in southern Ontario, Canada. Three transects oriented along the slope of a large field had five soil profiles excavated at the summit, sideslope, shoulder slope, footslope and toeslope landscape positions. The soils were sampled in 5 cm increments, and ¹³⁷Cs and SOC were determined on the samples. The results show that soil redistribution within landscape units of agricultural fields has been substantial both before and after fallout of ¹³⁷Cs to the soil surface. Soils in depositional areas contained significant ¹³⁷Cs and SOC at depths beyond which the plow can attain at present. This implies that a significant amount of carbon is being sequestered beneath the present plow layer, and the characterization of this pool must be considered in deriving the dynamics of SOC in agroecosystems.