Inducing long-shoot growth for vegetative propagation of western larch

This study evaluated methods to release from suppression both short shoots on lower stems and developing buds on leaders of western larch (Larix occidentalis Nutt.) seedlings, in order to increase the number of long shoots suitable for stem-tip cuttings. Treatments included application of the cytokinin N-6-benzyladenine (BA), horizontal stem bending, and decapitation on container-grown 1.5-year-old seedling ortets. The rate of release of suppressed growth of short shoots on the basal stem segments increased from 15% to 83% after spraying with 200 ppm BA and doubled on unsprayed horizontally-bent stems. Syllepsis on the upper stems increased by 19% following decapitation and by 32% after a combination of decapitation and BA treatments. Although these treatments resulted in large increases in the numbers of long shoots available for stem cuttings, the rootability of BA-treated shoots needs assessing before use in operational programs.     

打顶后棉花倒四叶内源激素的变化及与早衰的关系

测定新疆石河子垦区棉花打顶后倒四叶内源激素含量的变化,分析激素在不同时间段的变化。结果表明:(1)打顶能改变倒四叶中IAA(生长素)、CTK(细胞分裂素)和ABA(脱落酸)含量的变化趋势,并在72 h内和对照有显著差异。(2)打顶后涂抹NAA(萘乙酸)不能完全取代IAA的作用,但能明显改变IAA、CTK和GA3(赤霉素)含量的变化规律,保持ABA含量的稳定。(3)棉花倒四叶中各激素的比值在含量上存在相互制约的动态平衡关系;外用生长素能降低衰老激素和生长激素中的比值;打顶打破了这种平衡关系,大幅度增加了ABA/IAA和ABA/CTK的比值,这可能是打顶能促进棉花早衰的生理原因。     

打顶后涂抹萘乙酸对海岛棉根系活力及丙二醛含量的影响

为了揭示新疆棉花栽培技术中“打顶”措施与棉花早衰问题之间的关系,在水培条件下研究了低氮(1.0×10-3 mol·L-1)和高氮(4.0×10-3 mol· L-1)两种供氮水平下,不打顶、打顶、打顶后涂抹羊毛脂和打顶后涂抹羊毛脂+萘乙酸处理对棉花功能叶丙二醛含量和根系活力的影响.结果表明:在两种供氮水平下,棉花打顶、打顶后涂抹羊毛脂和涂抹羊毛脂+萘乙酸处理比不打顶处理根系活力增幅分别为94.4％～110.0％、55.9％～85.7％和51.5％～147.4％,差异显著；丙二醛(MDA)含量增幅分别为12.0％～17.3％、5.2％～6.5％和9.7％～10.9％,差异不显著.打顶和打顶后涂抹萘乙酸可促进棉花根系生长,提高根系活力和总吸收面积.     

番茄连续摘心整枝法试验

对番茄连续摘心整枝法进行试验研究 ,并与传统的单秆整枝法进行比较 ,结果表明 ,连续摘心法有明显的增产效应 ,优质果率、商品性状也随之提高。温室栽培效益更加显著     

Anatomical and histologic pathology induced by cervical dislocation following blunt head trauma for on-farm euthanasia of poultry

The selection of an optimal method for on-farm euthanasia of poultry in cases of emergency killing is still under debate. The preferred approach would spare pain and suffering and would ensure proper stunning as well as rapid death. Here, the effects and pathological lesions induced by blunt trauma to the head followed by cervical dislocation were studied in chickens and turkeys of different weight groups of up to 20 kg. To allow for feasible on-farm execution, including birds heavier than 3 kg, a percussive blow to the head with subsequent manual or mechanical cervical dislocation using a nonpenetrating forceps was employed. Systematic macroscopic, radiographic, and histopathologic examinations were performed with special attention to anatomical structures essential for consciousness and vital functions. The 2 traumatic impacts resulted not only in massive subdural hematomas, cortical brain damage, dissecting vertebral bone fractures, and a disruption of the cervical spinal cord, but also severe lacerations of the medulla oblongata area of the brain stem. The lesions were suggestive of immediate loss of consciousness and indicative of immediate and irreversible loss of central regulation of breathing and heart function. Moreover, the results were largely independent of the weight class examined, indicating that from a pathology perspective the methods used may be suitable for humane euthanasia of poultry of up to 20 kg in live weight.     

Effect of heading date of perennial ryegrass cultivars on tillering and tiller development in spring and summer

Three cultivars (two diploid and one tetraploid) in each of three maturity groups (early, intermediate and late) of perennial ryegrass were sown in 10 m² plots, replicated four times, in Northern Ireland in June 1997 in a study of the effect of heading date on tiller development (including initiation to flower) and turnover of tillers produced at specific times in spring in 1998 and 1999. The plots were harvested seven times in each year. Annual dry‐matter production was similar for all groups in each year. In spring and early summer of both years, tiller density of the diploid cultivars was 1·5 times greater than that of the tetraploid cultivars and the mean tiller density over all swards in June was about 0·40 times greater than that in April. Maximum proportions of reproductive tillers in the early, intermediate and late maturity groups, determined from apical dissections, were found in early April, mid‐May and early June, respectively. Although a high proportion of tillers, which were present when annual observations commenced in spring, was decapitated at the first harvest in the early group, the previous population density was maintained by rapid production of new tillers during May, including those from suppressed tiller buds during reproduction. It is concluded that the relationship between heading date and rate of tiller turnover (including flowering) at specified times in spring is important in sward management throughout the early part of the growing season and should be taken into account in tiller‐based grass growth models.     

亚麻生育后期打顶抑芽的光合特性研究

在田问试验条件下,研究了打顶+抑芽敏、打顶+人工抹芽、打顶和抑芽敏处理对亚麻生育后期光合特性的影响.结果表明,打顶+抑芽敏处理可明显增加打顶后期单株叶数和叶面积指数,提高叶绿素含量,延长叶片功能期,增强打顶中后期光合势,促进后期净同化率和群体生长率增长,使打顶中后期光合特性维持在较高水平;打顶+人工抹芽和打顶处理也在一定程度上改善了生育后期光合特性,而抑芽敏处理对光合特性影响不明显.综合考虑,亚麻生育后期以打顶+抑芽敏处理光合特性较为理想.     

杉木、多花黄精复合经营技术探讨

开展杉木、多花黄精复合经营主要技术措施试验研究,结果表明:上层林郁闭度在0.5~0.7之间较适宜多花黄精生长发育;在杉木林中套种多花黄精,以保留杉木株数750株/hm2的多花黄精生长发育较好;适度的林地清理是必要手段,整床处理的多花黄精块茎产量较高;摘花截顶处理比不处理(即任其生长,不摘花、不截顶)块茎产量增加17.6%。杉木林间伐套种多花黄精,有利于培育杉木大径材。杉木、多花黄精复合经营是一种先进、合理、有效的经营模式,可以在林业生产中推广应用。     

The role of carbohydrate reserves in evergreen tree development,with particular reference to macadamia

We take three approaches to more clearly define the role of carbohydrate (CHO) reserves in the development of evergreen trees. First, we examine the lychee and macadamia literature to develop a whole tree carbon budget to show that current photosynthate makes a greater contribution to the carbon for new growth than CHO reserves. Second, we show that the presence of leaves is sufficient for the production of a functional new shoots on small, girdled branches with few CHO reserves. Third, we use a shade experiment to show that short-term suppression of whole-tree photosynthesis can severely affect new shoot development. Subsequent decapitation of all branches on both the shaded and control trees resulted in faster bud release in the shaded trees, notwithstanding lower CHO reserves.     

菊花CmPIN1同源基因的克隆与表达分析

以切花菊‘神马’(Chrysanthemum morifolium‘Jinba’)为材料,利用RACE技术与同源克隆方法获得菊花CmPIN1基因全长,通过qRT-PCR技术比较CmPIN1在不同组织器官的表达,同时对CmPIN1响应外施NAA和去顶进行研究。结果表明:1)CmPIN1基因ORF全长1 761bp,编码586个氨基酸,跨膜域位于蛋白N端与C端;通过蛋白序列比对分析,菊花CmPIN1蛋白与百日草ZvPIN1蛋白相似性最高;亚细胞定位结果显示CmPIN1位于细胞膜;2)对CmPIN1表达分析表明,该基因在菊花茎部与芽部具有相对较高的表达量,同时,在离体茎段中的CmPIN1受到生长素诱导;去顶后,CmPIN1表达量降低,而施加5μmol/L的NAA 6h后CmPIN1表达恢复;3)对菊花植株进行去顶试验表明,去顶后,近顶端第一个侧芽内CmPIN1基因表达量优先恢复,趋向于代替顶芽成为新的生长素源,以维持主茎中生长素极性运输;当主茎中的生长素运输通道再次打开,茎节中CmPIN1的表达量均逐渐恢复,其中,在近顶端第一个节间中CmPIN1的表达量恢复较缓慢。可见CmPIN1参与菊花主茎中生长素的极性运输,以及顶端优势的维持,间接抑制侧芽伸长。