Pathological changes induced by three myxosporeans in the intestine of cultured tiger puffer, Takifugu rubripes (Temminck and Schlegel)

Pathological changes in cultured tiger puffer, Takifugu rubripes , with emaciation disease in Kyushu, Japan were studied histologically. In most cases, diseased fish were heavily infected with at least one of three myxosporeans ( Myxidium fugu , Myxidium sp. and Leptotheca fugu ) and two unidentified hyperparasitic microsporeans, attached to, or in, the intestinal epithelium. Myxidium fugu attached to the surface of the epithelium, caused no noticeable effects on the host tissue, irrespective of its infection with the hyperparasite. Myxidium sp., which proliferated in the epithelium, induced severe pathological changes including accumulation of cell debris between the epithelium and lamina propria and resultant detachment of the epithelium. Leptotheca fugu, another histozoic myxosporean, induced degeneration of the epithelium, associated with massive infiltration of macrophages into the epithelium to encapsulate parasites. When L. fugu was infected with its hyperparasitic microsporean, shortened villi were also observed. This is probably because passage of macrophage-parasite aggregates through the basement membrane of the epithelium severely damaged the epithelial structure. It is evident histologically that, unlike epicellular M. fugu , histozoic Myxidium sp. and L. fugu with or without hyperparasitic microsporeans, were highly pathogenic to host fish. This strongly suggests that they are causative agents of the emaciation disease.     

Control of Leveillula taurica in Tomato by Acremonium alternatum is by Induction of Resistance, not Hyperparasitism

Spores of the hyperparasite Acremonium alternatum reduced powdery mildew infection by Leveillula taurica on greenhouse tomato. The effect was slightly increased when spores were applied killed, and therefore not due to direct parasitism. The effect was systemic, protecting untreated leaves above the treated ones. Spores killed by heat had more effect than when killed by UV, so the effect was presumably due to induction of host resistance by substances released when cells were heat killed. The size of the effect depended upon leaf age and level of infection. Effects on primary infection and expansion of successful infections appear to be under independent control.     

影响盾壳霉寄生核盘菌菌核的几个生态因子的分析

 在室内测定了盾壳霉(Coniothyrium minitans)对不同寄主上的核盘菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)菌核的寄生致腐作用,研究了温度、含水量和土壤类型等生态因子对核盘菌菌核的寄生致腐作用的影响,通过检测土壤的呼吸速率探讨了它在土壤中定殖与核盘菌菌核的关系。结果表明:盾壳霉能寄生致腐核盘菌属所有供试菌株的菌核;寄生致腐菌核的最适温度是20℃,最适相对含水量为50%~60%;盾壳霉在供试的8种土壤中均能寄生致腐菌核,对它们的pH值要求不严格,但土壤类型影响其寄生致腐速度;在土壤中添加菌核和菌核提取液都可不同程度地刺激它的生长。     

大花金鸡菊白粉菌重寄生菌——宿白粉菌的生物学特性研究

 大花金鸡菊白粉病菌棕丝单囊壳（Sphaerotheca fusca）的重寄生菌—宿白粉菌（Ampelomyces quisqualis Ces.）在PSA,OA和PDA培养基上生长良好,以PSA最好,而在A &; HA和Czapek上生长较差,且在Richard上不产孢; 菌丝生长和产孢适温20～25 ℃,适宜pH值4～9,光照促进产孢,而黑暗有利于菌丝生长。对碳源的利用,菌丝生长和干重以甘露醇、水解乳糖等6种碳源为好, 甘露醇最佳, 淀粉最差;产孢以葡萄糖、蔗糖和果糖为好,葡萄糖最佳。对氮源的利用,菌丝生长及干重以蛋白胨和酵母膏为好,酵母膏最好;产孢以酵母膏最好。孢子萌发适宜温度10～25 ℃,相对湿度65%～100%和水滴中均能萌发,其中水滴中萌发率最高, 低于50%不萌发。最适pH值5～7, pH低于2和pH高10于孢子不萌发。光照对孢子萌发有促进作用。     

白粉菌寄生菌鉴定及形态学观察

对发生在自然条件下的白粉菌寄生真菌在室内进行了观察鉴定,结果表明,甘肃省发生在植物白粉菌上的寄生菌为白粉菌寄生菌(AmpelomycesquisqualisCes),其分生孢子器呈烧瓶状,具柄,分生孢子近球形,短杆状,表面光滑,没有任何纹蚀,大小为(5～8)×(3～3.5)μm。     

三株生防细菌对黄瓜白粉菌生防作用的扫描电镜观察

为了探讨生防菌H1、H2和H3的拮抗、溶菌和重寄生作用,以生防细菌菌悬液喷施黄瓜叶面,扫描电镜观察白粉菌生长状况.结果表明,生防菌H1、H2和H3均可在白粉菌丝上繁殖.生防菌H1处理24 h后,白粉菌丝有扭曲变形、破裂和菌丝溶解等现象;生防菌H2处理24 h后,白粉菌丝出现扭曲变形和破裂发生;生防菌H3处理24 h后,白粉菌扭曲变形、菌丝凹陷,未见菌丝溶解.以上观察结果表明,生防菌H1对白粉菌丝具有拮抗和溶菌作用,生防菌H2和H3对白粉菌丝具有拮抗作用     

接骨木锈病及其重寄生菌研究

接骨木(Sambucus williamsii)是具有多用途开发价值的药用和滋补植物资源。目前,在我国仅吉林省就有干果1000t以上(郝广明等,2000;王启珍,2002)。锈菌Aecidiumsambuci危害接骨木属植物,国内已有记载(王云章等,1998),但其寄生、危害接骨木在国内外尚未见详细报道。锈生座孢属(Tu     

华中五味子锈病菌及其重寄生菌的鉴定

 五味子属植物是我国传统的中药材。五味子春孢锈菌(Aecidium schisandrae J. Y. Zhuang)引起华中五味子(Schisandra sphenanthera)锈病为国内外新报道。该病在四川省雅安市喇叭河自然保护区华中五味子生长地造成严重危害,其病株率91%,病叶率36%,造成叶片枯斑、脱落。华中五味子锈病的重寄生菌(Tuberculina sp.)为国内外首次报道。该重寄生菌的自然重寄生率达35.5%,重寄生菌寄生在华中五味子锈菌春孢子器(锈子器)出口处,阻碍春孢子的释放。本文报道了华中五味子锈病的症状特点、病原形态特征及华中五味子锈菌的重寄生现象和重寄生菌的形态特征。     

葡萄生单轴霉重寄生菌F3的鉴定及防治效果测定

为明确从生长异常的葡萄霜霉层上分离获得的菌株F3对葡萄生单轴霉Plasmopara viticola的重寄生作用及对葡萄霜霉病的防治效果,通过光学和扫描电子显微镜观察菌株F3对葡萄生单轴霉的重寄生作用,并对菌株F3进行形态特征观察及28S rDNA序列分析,采用孢子囊萌发抑制和离体叶片点样法测定该菌株对葡萄霜霉病的防治效果。结果表明,菌株F3对葡萄生单轴霉表现出覆盖、缠绕的重寄生现象。结合形态特征与序列分析结果将该菌株最终鉴定为层生镰刀菌Fusarium proliferatum。菌株F3分生孢子悬浮液及其无菌发酵液对葡萄霜霉菌孢子囊萌发具有显著的抑制作用,抑制率分别为86.8%和83.1%;经菌株F3分生孢子悬浮液预防处理后的离体葡萄叶片发病率为10.9%,显著低于对照的发病率98.8%,防治效果达88.9%;菌株F3分生孢子悬浮液与葡萄霜霉病菌孢子囊混合后点样接种处理的叶片发病率为50.0%,也显著低于对照,防治效果为49.1%;而治疗处理的叶片发病率与对照间无显著差异。表明层生镰刀菌对葡萄生单轴霉具有重寄生作用,且对葡萄霜霉病具有较强的预防控制作用。     

木霉菌和毛壳菌对板栗疫病的抗生作用

哈茨木霉Trichoderma harzianumT88菌株、深绿木霉T.atrovorideT95菌株和螺旋毛壳Chaetomium spiraleND35菌株与板栗疫病菌Cryphonectria parasiticaLY菌株的平板对峙培养结果表明,木霉菌对营养和空间有强烈的竞争作用,表现在可使病原菌菌丝消解,对病菌菌丝的生长有明显的抑制作用;毛壳菌生长速度较慢,但可形成抑菌带,使病菌不扩展。室内水培枝条接种试验结果表明,接种拮抗菌的拮抗效果好,而且先接种拮抗菌后接种病原菌的处理比拮抗菌和病原菌同时接种的处理效果还好,毛壳菌没有木霉菌的作用明显。接种枝条的木霉菌、毛壳菌和病原菌的再分离结果表明,T95和ND35的定殖能力强。