3种含氯消毒剂对柑橘黄龙病菌室内防治效果研究

柑橘黄龙病是柑橘生产上最具毁灭性的病害，目前没有防治特效药也没有较好的抗性品种。本文以含氯消毒剂作为柑橘黄龙病菌防治的候选药剂开展药剂筛选试验。将染病接穗分别浸泡3种含氯消毒剂再嫁接到健康枳壳砧木上，利用定量PCR技术定量分析药剂处理前后黄龙病菌含量的变化，建立柑橘黄龙病菌药剂防治效果评价体系。试验结果表明，漂白粉（CH）不适合利用嫁接技术进行候选药剂筛选；二氯异氰尿酸钠（NaDCC）和三氯泡腾消毒片（TCCA）的抑菌效果随处理浓度的降低而减弱，在有效氯含量为5000mg/L时，病菌减退率最高，分别为99.1%和99.5%，相对防效最佳，分别达到了97.9%和98.8%，与对照药剂盐酸四环素(TET)的抑制效果相当，说明NaDCC和TCCA可以作为柑橘黄龙病化学防治的候选药剂。     

南方山区集中连片大规模开发果园的建议——由安远县柑橘黄龙病引起的反思

2013年柑橘黄龙病在江西省安远县大面积爆发,通过调查,总结了安远柑橘黄龙病发生历史,爆发危害,重点分析了发病原因,就南方山区规模化连片种植发展柑橘产业提出深思和建议,更加明确地将过度开发与此次灾害联系起来。为其他地区今后在生态保护与经济发展权衡上提供理论参考。     

Occurrence of prophage and historical perspectives associated with the dissemination of huanglongbing in mainland China

Huanglongbing (HLB), associated with a non-culturable bacterium ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (CLas), is a highly destructive citrus disease with a long but poorly documented history in China. No effective treatment for HLB is available. The identification of new prophages in abundant CLas genomic sequence data provides new insights into both the diversity of CLas strains and HLB management. In this study, CLas populations from nine provinces were surveyed for the presence of prophage. Two major prophage typing groups (PTGs) were discovered to be associated with two different altitude regions: strains of CLas in PTG1 from high altitude regions (HAR) mainly contained prophage Type 1 only or Types 1 and 3, whereas strains of CLas in PTG2 from low altitude regions (LAR) mainly contained prophage Type 2. The discovery of these CLas population patterns provides evidence for independent origins of HLB in HAR and LAR. Guangdong province is the generally recognized domestic region of origin for HLB and is primarily responsible for the dissemination of HLB in LAR through transport of seedlings. Both Yunnan and Sichuan provinces are the probable regions of origin for HLB in HAR. PTG2 was further divided into two subgroups: PTG2-1, found in Guangdong, Fujian and Guangxi and PTG2-2, found in Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Hunan. These regions and prophage types are correlated with early and late introductions of HLB in LAR. These molecular analyses were supported by studying the history of the dissemination of HLB in historical documents.     

Modelling effects of vector acquisition threshold on disease progression in a perennial crop following deployment of a partially resistant variety

Deployment of resistant varieties is a key strategy to mitigating economic losses due to arthropod‐transmitted plant pathogens of perennial crops. In many cases, the best available resistant traits for introgression confer only partial resistance. Plants displaying partial resistance have lower pathogen titres than susceptible counterparts, but remain hosts for the pathogen. As partially resistant varieties maintain yield after infection, infected plants are unlikely to be rogued (i.e. removed). Accordingly, there is a risk that partially resistant plants could serve as a source of inoculum for pathogen spread to susceptible plants. Here, a mathematical model that tracked spread of an arthropod‐transmitted pathogen in a plant population consisting of susceptible and partially resistant plants was used to identify a threshold acquisition rate from partially resistant plants that resulted in limited spread of the pathogen from partially resistant plants to susceptible plants. The acquisition threshold from partially resistant plants varied with parameters influenced by disease management decisions such as number of vectors per plant, vector turnover, replacement of susceptible plants, and proportion of plants that were partially resistant. In model simulations, effects of deploying a partially resistant variety on disease incidence in a susceptible variety depended on the extent to which pathogen spread among susceptible plants was suppressed and acquisition rates from partially resistant plants. Collectively, the results indicate that risk of partially resistant plants serving as inoculum sources could be assessed prior to deployment, thereby enabling design of complementary disease management tactics to minimize economic losses in susceptible varieties following deployment.     

高质量提取柑橘样品中病原总核酸方法的建立

针对柑橘老熟组织中富含多糖、多酚、色素和其它次生代谢产物的特点,以柑橘老叶老皮为试材,在传统CTAB提取法的基础上通过添加增效剂并优化配方,建立了一种快速、简便的提取植物老熟组织及其内部病原总核酸的CTAB-Triton提取法。新的提取液对细胞的裂解能力更强,且解决了传统CTAB溶液因低温析出而致DNA得率损失的弊端。比较了该法和微量葡聚糖柱纯化法制备模板时韧皮部杆菌的检出率,并用该法制备模板,分析了韧皮部杆菌在柚子叶片中的分布情况,及对其它几种柑橘病原菌进行PCR/RT-PCR检测。结果表明,CTAB-Triton方法能有效提取柑橘老熟叶片的DNA,所得DNA质量高,产量比商品化试剂盒大,提高了韧皮部杆菌的检出率,且可用于柑橘其他病原真菌、细菌,以及DNA或RNA病毒病害的PCR/RT-PCR检测,也可用于定量PCR检测和病原种群多态性分析。     

柑橘黄龙病疫情运动规律与预警模型研究

为了揭示柑橘黄龙病整体疫情入侵、扩散、流行等运动规律,对柑橘木虱种群的数量消长情况进行多年多点的系统监测,同时在柑橘黄龙病果实显症期采用全境式普查方法开展疫情调查。2002-2010年连续8年的监测和普查结果表明,柑橘黄龙病疫情入侵分布呈南重北轻、东高西低的特征,其扩散趋势为自南而北逐年推进,并呈螺旋式上升。疫情长期运动一般需经历入侵上升、高位运行、受控回落周期性变化,其运动周期为10年左右,并建立时序运动模型: P=-00044N2+0056N －00698(n=9,r=09552**,r001=07977)。应用上述模型进行逐年修补,若预测下年度果园加权发病率在1%以上,则可发布预警。