基于原噬菌体类型的我国柑橘黄龙病菌种群遗传结构分析

 柑橘黄龙病是柑橘生产上最严重的病害之一,由难培养的候选韧皮部杆菌亚洲种(“Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus”, CLas)引起。目前,已报道的与CLas相关的原噬菌体有3种,并且不同的CLas样品中可以检测到不同类型的原噬菌体或不同类型的组合。本研究基于原噬菌体类型特异引物对从我国南方8省收集的548个黄龙病样品进行原噬菌体类型的鉴定和分析。结果表明,基于原噬菌体类型,在548个样品中共鉴定了7种类型的菌株,分别为Type 1(7.12%)、Type 2(60.22%)、Type 3(3.83%)、Type 1+Type 2(3.28%)、Type 1+Type 3(17.34%)、Type 1+Type 2+Type 3(3.47%)和None类型(不含上述3种类型原噬菌体)(4.74%),其中只携带Type 2类型原噬菌体菌株为华南地区优势种群。此外,基于遗传多样性和遗传距离对我国南方地区的CLas种群进行种群结构分析发现,我国南方地区的CLas种群可以分为3个组,即I组(广东、江西、广西、福建)、II组(浙江和湖南)以及III组(云南和海南),其中I组和II组又可聚为一大组。该结果可为研究我国柑橘黄龙病流行规律提供一定的理论基础。     

Prophage region and short tandem repeats of “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus” reveal significant population structure in China

Whole-genome sequencing of “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus” (Las) indicated some polymorphic gene regions enabling the molecular characterization of this bacterium. Although the population diversity of Las in China has been previously studied, no reports have used a combination of a prophage region and short tandem repeat (STR) loci for phylogenetic relationship characterization. In this study, we investigated the genetic diversity and structure of 667 Las strains from nine provinces in southern China using multiple genetic loci including three type-specific prophage loci, two STR loci, and a miniature inverted-repeat transposable element (MITE) region. The results indicated that the genetic diversity varied according to the gene loci used. The prophage regions, including the MITEs, revealed significant genetic differences of Las populations in Yunnan and Guizhou from other provinces, while the STR loci only indicated a difference of Las population in Guizhou from those of other provinces. In particular, the Las population shown to be diverse in Jiangxi at the CLIBASIA_01215_STR locus was not diverse when measured using the other loci. Considering all loci, the Las populations from Yunnan and Guizhou were different, those from Guangdong and Guangxi were complex, while the Las population in Jiangxi was comparatively simple. Las populations from five neighbouring provinces, including Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Fujian, and Jiangxi were grouped in a big cluster. The Las population structure changed with age according to the prophage type. This study evaluated the method used for studying the molecular diversity of Las populations and provided more detailed information on the geographical origin and epidemic trend of Chinese Las populations.     

柑橘黄龙病菌在染病贡柑枝条和果实橘络内的分布规律

 柑橘黄龙病是柑橘生产上最具毁灭性的病害之一,由目前还无法分离培养的候选韧皮部杆菌亚洲种(“Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus”, CLas)引起的。早期研究表明CLas在染病柑橘植株内的分布并不均匀。为进一步探究CLas在染病枝条及果实内的空间分布规律,本研究以感染黄龙病的贡柑(带果实)枝条为材料,利用定量PCR(quantitative PCR, qPCR)分析同一枝条不同部位及果实橘络中的CLas浓度。结果表明,带果贡柑枝条不同部位的CLas分布不均匀且以果实橘络部位的CLas浓度最高(15 487.6 CLas cells/ng总DNA)。通过对同一橘络不同片段长度(每1.5 cm)中的CLas进行定量分析发现,同一橘络中的CLas同样呈不均匀分布(CLas个数范围:12 407~10 271 089)。此外,定量分析发现黄龙病引起的畸形果大小两侧橘络中的CLas浓度差异不显著。该结果可为探究CLas在柑橘枝条及果实中的转运规律提供参考。     

柑橘黄龙病菌在染病贡柑枝条和果实橘络内的分布规律

 柑橘黄龙病是柑橘生产上最具毁灭性的病害之一,由目前还无法分离培养的候选韧皮部杆菌亚洲种(“Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus”, CLas)引起的。早期研究表明CLas在染病柑橘植株内的分布并不均匀。为进一步探究CLas在染病枝条及果实内的空间分布规律,本研究以感染黄龙病的贡柑(带果实)枝条为材料,利用定量PCR(quantitative PCR, qPCR)分析同一枝条不同部位及果实橘络中的CLas浓度。结果表明,带果贡柑枝条不同部位的CLas分布不均匀且以果实橘络部位的CLas浓度最高(15 487.6 CLas cells/ng总DNA)。通过对同一橘络不同片段长度(每1.5 cm)中的CLas进行定量分析发现,同一橘络中的CLas同样呈不均匀分布(CLas个数范围:12 407~10 271 089)。此外,定量分析发现黄龙病引起的畸形果大小两侧橘络中的CLas浓度差异不显著。该结果可为探究CLas在柑橘枝条及果实中的转运规律提供参考。     

黄龙病菌在柑橘枝条上的分布和多样性分析

 柑橘黄龙病是由“Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus”(CLas)引起的毁灭性病害,在染病植株的叶片和果实上表现出不同症状。但目前还未见在同一植株或枝条上表现不同症状的叶片或果实中的CLas是否存在多样性的报道。本研究分析来自美国佛罗里达与中国广东两地染病柑橘样品,发现佛罗里达的CLas遗传多样性较低。以3对位于CLas短串联重复位点两端的序列为引物,对广东柑橘黄龙病病株的样品进行PCR扩增和PAGE检测,结果发现:同一植株上的CLas多样性高于同一枝条;同一病枝上显不同症状的叶片和果实中的CLas浓度分布不均匀,但成熟病果中CLas的浓度最高。以同一病枝条为一个组,PCR扩增和PAGE检测53个枝条的样品,发现不同组间CLas多样性不一:3对引物扩增条件下分别有4组(7.55%)、7组(13.21%)和11组(20.75%)样品存在组间多样性,推测同一枝条中含有不同的CLas菌株。以上结果说明了CLas在柑橘枝条上的分布规律,为监测我国CLas的多样性提供了科学依据。     

离体砂糖橘黄龙病病果中病菌浓度变化规律的探究

Early studies have revealed the uneven distribution of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) in Huanglongbing (HLB)-affected citrus trees. Bacteria of CLas were found to be enriched in the fruit, especially in the pith. In this study, we further investigated the dynamics of CLas population in excised citrus fruits. The CLas-infected Shatangju fruits were collected and kept for 4 weeks under constant temperature and moisture. The concentrations of CLas in the pith of fruits were detected weekly, and the fruits on trees were detected at the same time as the control. Our results showed that the total DNA, citrus DNA and CLas DNA from the excised fruits all decreased during the storage, but the CLas concentration in the pith of excised fruit increased firstly, and then decreased with time. The CLas concentrations in the pith of diseased fruit at 14 d and 28 d after picking were higher than that of the first day and reached the highest at 14 d. Comparing with the fruits on the tree, CLas concentrations in the pith of excised fruits were also significantly higher at the 14 d and 28 d. With the degrading of total DNA in fruit pith, the proportion of CLas DNA was increased, which could be served as a suitable material for the DNA extraction and CLas genome sequencing.     

基于短串联重复和PAGE的柑橘黄龙病菌‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’种间遗传多样性分析

 韧皮部杆菌亚洲种(‘Candidatus Libriacter asiaticus’,‘Ca. L. asiaticus’)是目前流行范围最广、危害最严重的柑橘黄龙病致病菌。本研究利用‘Ca. L. asiaticus’基因组中全套串联重复基因(short tandem repeat, STR)开发了一套系统的方法用于‘Ca. L. asiaticus’遗传多样性和黄龙病分子流行学研究。PCR和PAGE分析筛选到的36个STR位点中,有33个获得了有效扩增。其中20对引物对不同来源的32个样品的扩增产物多态性较好,最多的可扩增出9种条带类型。采自我国6省的32个‘Ca. L. asiaticus’阳性样品之间的Shannon’s信息指数为0.14~1.90,平均为0.68;Nei’s基因多样性指数为0.06~0.81,平均为0.38,各省的菌株表现出较高的遗传多样性,特别是来自福建、广西和云南三省的。聚类分析发现可能为中国黄龙病发源地的广东省的黄龙病菌株具有一定的遗传特异性;其余邻省之间存在由木虱传播引起的菌株交流的可能性可以解释该病害在省际间传播。研究表明,开发的STR标记结合PAGE的方法可作为今后菌株遗传多样性和病害分子流行学分析的高效方法。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">In planta</Emphasis> multiplication and graft transmission of ‘<Emphasis Type="Italic">Candidatus</Emphasis> Liberibacter asiaticus’ revealed by Real-Time PCR

The bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) is associated with huanglongbing (HLB) in citrus in many countries. Despite the fact that many characteristics of the disease are known, the rate of multiplication of the bacterium within an infected tree is still poorly understood. To study this feature, we used the quantitative Real-Time polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) assay to follow and to quantify the multiplication of CLas in grafted infected young sweet orange plants. The rate of infection by grafting reached 100% at 120 days post-inoculation (dpi) showing that grafting could easily transmit CLas. A well-adjusted linear regression equation describing the bacterial growth in planta was obtained independently with measurements taken using repeated sampling in the same plant or different plants through the analysed period. The bacterial population, measured as copy number (CN) of the 16S rDNA target gene g⁻¹ of tissue, increased 10,000 times from 10³ at 30 dpi to approximately 10⁸ CN at 240 dpi indicating that CLas multiplication was fastest in young citrus plants. We observed a direct relationship between the concentration of pathogen and the expression of symptoms. Yellowed leaves or shoots, are commonly the first observed symptom of HLB, and were present in trees with a low amount of bacteria (10⁵ CN g⁻¹). Blotchy mottle symptoms were observed in trees with 10⁷ CN g⁻¹ of bacteria after 180 dpi. Buds taken from infected, but non-symptomatic branches were grafted on Rangpur lime and resulted in transmission rates ranging from 10 to 60%.     

基于3种原噬菌体基因的赣南地区黄龙病菌种群动态分析

柑橘黄龙病(citrus Huanglongbing,HLB)对全球柑橘产业造成了重大经济损失。为明确赣南地区柑橘黄龙病菌基因组上原噬菌体的分子特征和传播动态,本研究对采自赣南10个市县区的470份样品进行HLB检测,并对阳性样品中3种类型的原噬菌体（SC1、SC2和P-JXGC-3）上的SC1_gp050、SC2_gp040和PJXGC_gp08基因序列进行遗传多样性分析和谱系地理学分析。结果显示,共检出74份HLB阳性样品,包括7种原噬菌体组合类型:SC1、SC2、P-JXGC-3、SC1+SC2、SC1+P-JXGC-3、SC2+P-JXGC-3和SC1+SC2+P-JXGC-3,含SC2类型的原噬菌体检出41份,检出率为55.41%,说明赣南地区含SC2类型的原噬菌体菌株最为普遍。遗传多样性分析结果表明,赣南地区的3种原噬菌体的基因交流频繁,遗传分化现象不明显。选择压力分析结果显示,SC1和P-JXGC-3类型的原噬菌体均处于负向选择,SC2类型的原噬菌体处于正向选择。基于3种原噬菌体上的基因构建的中介网络图和单倍型分布表结果显示,3种原噬菌体均存在1个祖先单倍型,其他独有单倍型均是由该祖先单倍型经多次突变而来,其中PJXGC_gp08基因产生的独有单倍型最多。时空动态分析结果显示,SC1类型原噬菌体存在2条传播路径,分别为安远和全南地区间的相互传播(3相似文献   

LncRNA在柑橘木虱与黄龙病病原菌互作中的差异表达分析及验证

为明确柑橘黄龙病的唯一自然传播媒介——柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri的长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)是否参与调控黄龙病病原菌Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus(CLas)的侵染及复制,采用生物信息学预测及PCR扩增方法进行lncRNA的预测、特征分析、验证及差异表达分析。结果显示,柑橘木虱的13个转录组RNA-Seq数据中共有10 192个lncRNA基因,对应15 747条lncRNA转录本;与蛋白质编码基因相比,柑橘木虱lncRNA具有更少的外显子数量和更短的转录本长度;随机选取的10条lncRNA基因中,有7条lncRNA基因在无菌柑橘木虱广州品系或赣州品系中有表达,其中1条lncRNA基因TCONS_00034665在无菌广州品系和无菌赣州品系中存在差异表达;带菌和无菌柑橘木虱成虫中预测获得2个差异表达的lncRNA基因TCONS_00096118和TCONS_00234564,实时荧光定量PCR验证发现TCONS_00234564与预测结果一致,在带菌柑橘木虱成虫中高表达。表明lncRNA参与了黄龙病病原菌与寄主柑橘木虱的互作。     

粤、桂、苏、皖四省稻瘟病菌有性态的研究

应用国际稻瘟病菌标准交配型菌株KA3和THl6对2000年从广东、广西、江苏和安徽4省采集的145个稻瘟病菌菌株的育性和交配型测定结果表明,广东、广西和安徽3省稻瘟病菌群体中存在着Matl.1和Matl.2两种交配型,江苏省的23个可交配菌株均为Matl.1。各省间稻瘟病菌群体的可交配率差异不大,总的可交配率为48.3%。有9个菌株与标准菌株交配产生了子囊孢子,可育率为6.2%。检测到2个两性菌株,不同地区稻瘟病菌群体雌雄性别的比例有显著性差异。用不同交配型的可育菌株进行互交,14个组合中只有1个组合产生子囊壳,但没有形成成熟的子囊孢子。     

Detection of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ in citrus by concurrent tissue print-based qPCR and immunoassay

‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (CLas) is associated with the most destructive disease of citrus, huanglongbing (HLB). The most widely used methods for detection of CLas are PCR-based and require purification of DNA from plant samples. Elution of DNA from tissue prints made on nitrocellulose membranes followed by qPCR (TPE-qPCR) was compared to DNA extraction of plant tissue followed by PCR (X-PCR) by testing the same tissue samples. The former estimated a higher CLas population in tissue prints than the latter (t-test; P = 0.009). All extracts prepared for TPE-qPCR throughout the experiment were also tested by conventional PCR and 80.8% were identified as positive. A similar set of stem and petiole tissue samples was tested by TPE-qPCR and immunoassay. Although the detection rate by TPE-qPCR was higher than by immunoassay, about 6% of tissue prints were positive by immunoassay but not by TPE-qPCR. Thus, a higher detection rate would be achieved by combining TPE-qPCR with immunoassay. Significant differences were observed in the performance of nitrocellulose membranes from different manufacturers in these assays. Immunotissue prints showed that the spatial distribution pattern of CLas infection varied widely from one sample to another, but the patterns were highly correlated among serial sections from the same sample, suggesting that CLas preferentially colonizes adjacent phloem cells in a vertical rather than horizontal direction.     

黄龙病菌和植原体在长春花体内的移动、增殖以及相关症状研究

 由“Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus”(CLas)引起的柑橘黄龙病是我国柑橘生产上最严重的病害之一。有研究发现,感染柑橘黄龙病的甜橙植株内可以同时检测到CLas和相关植原体(“Candidatus Phytoplasma asteri”,CPa),但二者关系尚不清楚。本研究利用长春花为实验材料,采用不同嫁接组合探究CLas与CPa的互作关系。研究结果表明:CPa单独接种长春花造成花变叶和节间缩短症状,但不会致长春花死亡;CLas单独接种长春花产生叶片斑驳症状,接种后2个月长春花死亡。CLas和CPa同时接种长春花,出现斑驳伴随花变叶症状,长春花约3个月后死亡,相比CLas单独接种,长春花的存活时间更长。研究结果还表明CLas在长春花植株内的转移速率较CPa快,但增殖速率较CPa慢。本研究通过人工接种CLas和CPa,分析2种接种体在长春花植株上的症状表现,以期为研究CLas与CPa在长春花上的症状表现差异及其互作关系提供理论依据。     

Genetic Structure of Cronartium ribicola Populations in Eastern Canada

ABSTRACT The genetic structure of populations of Cronartium ribicola was studied by sampling nine populations from five provinces in eastern Canada and generating DNA profiles using nine random amplified polymorphic DNA markers. Most of the total gene diversity (H(t) = 0.386) was present within populations (H(w) = 0.370), resulting in a low level of genetic differentiation among populations in northeastern North America (F(st) = 0.062). A hierarchical analysis of genetic structure using an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed no statistically significant genetic differentiation among provinces or among regions. Yet, genetic differentiation among populations within regions or provinces was small (AMOVA phi(st) = 0.078) but statistically significant (P < 0.001) and was several orders of magnitude larger than differentiation among provinces. This is consistent with a scenario of subpopulations within a metapopulation, in which random drift following migration and new colonization are major evolutionary forces. A phenetic analysis using genetic distances revealed no apparent correlation between genetic distance and the province of origin of the populations. The hypothesis of isolation-by-distance in the eastern populations of C. ribicola was rejected by computing Mantel correlation coefficients between genetic and geographic distance matrices (P > 0.05). These results show that eastern Canadian provinces are part of the same white pine blister rust epidemiological unit. Nursery distribution systems are controlled provincially, with virtually no seedling movement among provinces; therefore, infected nursery material may not play an important role in the dissemination of this disease. Long-distance spore dispersal across provincial boundaries appears to be an epidemiologically important factor for this pathogen.     

花生白绢病菌ITS分型、菌丝亲和群分析及相关生物学特性比较

2013~2016年从全国12个省市采集不同花生白绢病样本,共分离获得39个分离物,对其ITS-r DNA序列进行了分析,表明它们均属于齐整小核菌(Sclerotium rolfsii);这39个分离物分为两个亚组,分别包含22个和17个菌株;对这39个菌株进行了菌丝亲和群分析及相关生物学特性比较,共鉴定出23个菌丝亲和群;8个亲和群包含2~6个菌株,其余的15个亲和群都只包含1个菌株;同一菌丝亲和群的菌株菌落形态相似,大多数菌株的菌丝生长速度、菌核大小比较相近,个别菌株差异较大;39个菌株均能产生草酸,在菌落形态、菌丝生长速度、菌核大小和重量上均有差异,生长速度为0.47~2.32cm·d~(-1),菌核直径为0.71~1.87 mm,单粒菌核干重为0.24~2.64 mg。     

柑橘黄龙病常规PCR检测技术研究与初步应用

柑橘黄龙病是世界范围具有毁灭性危害的柑橘细菌性病害,在我国大部分柑橘产区发生,严重制约了我国柑橘产业的发展。本文根据黄龙病病原物亚洲韧皮杆菌核糖体16SrRNA基因设计了1对PCR引物HLBF468/HLBR877,并以此为基础建立了常规PCR反应体系,确定了检测体系的特异性和灵敏度。结果表明该体系的检测灵敏度比先前报道的常规PCR方法有了明显提高。利用建立的PCR体系完成了对广东和广西两省区果园柑橘黄龙病的抽样检测。本研究建立的常规PCR方法可以作为一种简便、准确、灵敏的检测技术应用于柑橘黄龙病的早期诊断。     

Phylogenetic relationships of Ralstonia solanacearum species complex strains from Asia and other continents based on 16S rDNA, endoglucanase, and hrpB gene sequences

The 16S rDNA, endoglucanase, and hrpB genes were partially sequenced for Asian strains of Ralstonia solanacearum spp. complex, including 31 strains of R. solanacearum and two strains each of the blood disease bacterium (BDB) and Pseudomonas syzygii. Additional sequences homologous to these DNA regions, deposited at DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases were included in the analysis. Various levels of polymorphisms were observed in each of these DNA regions. The highest polymorphism (approximately 25%) was found in the endoglucanase gene sequence. The hrpB sequence had about 22% poly-morphism. The phylogenetic analysis consistently divided the strains into four clusters, as distinctly shown on the phylogenetic trees of 16S rDNA, hrpB gene, and endo-glucanase gene sequences. Cluster 1 contained all strains from Asia, which belong to biovars 3, 4, 5, and N2. Cluster 2 comprised the Asian strains of R. solanacearum (as biovars N2 and 1) isolated from potato and clove, as well as BDB and P. syzygii. Cluster 3 contained race 3 biovar 2 strains from potato, race 2 biovar 1 strains from banana, and race 1 biovar 1 strains isolated from America, Asia, and other parts of the world. Cluster 4 was exclusively composed of African strains. The results of the study showed the distribution and diversity of the Asian strains, which are present in three of the four clusters. The similarity of Asian strains to those in the other regions was also observed.The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under accession numbers AY464950 to AY465050     

农作物寄生线虫的初步调查鉴定

从1974～1979年,作者先后在广东、广西、湖南、湖北、江西、福建等省对农作物寄生线虫进行调查工作,调查的作物包括水稻、柑桔、茶、桑、麻类、香蕉、芭蕉、菠萝、马铃薯、甘薯、花生、大豆、菜豆、蚕豆、豇豆、西瓜、丝瓜、南瓜、冬瓜、黄瓜、辣椒、茄子、番茄、白菜、胡椒、花卉、药材、烟草、橡胶、树木、苗木等30多种。共收集样本300多标号,已鉴定的植物寄生线虫共38属80余种。     

Phylogenetic analysis of the citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) bacterium based on the sequences of 16S rDNA and 16S/23S rDNA intergenic regions among isolates in China

Phylogenetic analysis of Chinese isolates of the citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) bacterium based on the 16S rDNA and 16S/23S rDNA intergenic regions sequences was carried out. Nine HLB samples collected from different hosts with different symptoms in seven Chinese provinces, were subjected to PCR for amplifying and sequencing the 16S rDNA. The identity level among Chinese isolates was 98.5% to 100% and was the same with the Indian HLB isolate ‘Poona’ (GenBank accession number: L22532). By contrast, identity values were 97.5% to 97.8% with Candidatus Liberibacter africanus strain ‘Nelspruit’ (L22533), 96.3% to 97.3% with Ca. L. africanus subsp. ‘Capensis’ (AF137368), 95.3% to 96.5% with the Ca. Liberibacter sp. ‘LSg2’ (AY919312), and 94.9% to 96.0% with a strain of Ca. L. americanus from Brazil (São Paulo State; AY742824). A phylogenetic tree constructed with 16S rDNA sequences showed that all Chinese isolates belong to Ca. L. asiaticum. Analysis of the 16S/23S rDNA intergenic region was conducted on 18 HLB-diseased citrus samples with different symptoms, collected in seven provinces. These isolates showed no obvious variation and had an identity level >99.0% with one another. Sequence analysis of 16S/23S rDNA intergenic region and the relative phylogenetic tree showed that the Chinese isolates are very close to Ca. L. asiaticus, and distinct from Ca. L. africanus and Ca. L. americanus. These results suggest that the Chinese HLB isolates belong to the species Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. This is the first report on the classification of HLB isolates from China based on molecular investigations.