浅谈我国农田土壤重金属污染现状及修复研究

农田土壤重金属污染导致农作物重金属含量超标,这些重金属随食物链进入人体内,对人体健康造成危害。了解农田土壤重金属污染现状、重金属污染对农作物的危害,以及污染农田的治理修复,对维护人体健康具有重要意义。本文综述了我国农田土壤重金属污染现状,分析了农田土壤重金属污染可能对农作物造成的影响,概括了目前农田土壤重金属污染的主要治理方式,并分析了这些治理方式的差异性和优缺点,对未来农田土壤重金属污染治理的方向作出了展望。为该领域初学者了解该领域研究方向、发展趋势和研究热点提供了指导,也为我国农田土壤重金属污染治理的进一步研究提供参考。     

晋东南石灰岩山地油松人工林立地类型划分及评价

利用１１８块野外标准地资料，对晋东南石灰岩山地油松人工林进行了立地类型划分及生长评价。经分析坡向、海拔、土层厚度为影响林木生长的主导立地因子，３个主导立地因子共构成２４个组合立地，每个组合立地可视为一个立地类型，用最优分割法将２４个立地类型划分为４个立地类型组。在优势木与平均木树高相关分析的基础上，以椽材林木为标准。对４个立地类型组进行了林木生长评价与预测。     

Gully erosion and environmental change: importance and research needs

Assessing the impacts of climatic and, in particular, land use changes on rates of soil erosion by water is the objective of many national and international research projects. However, over the last decades, most research dealing with soil erosion by water has concentrated on sheet (interrill) and rill erosion processes operating at the (runoff) plot scale. Relatively few studies have been conducted on gully erosion operating at larger spatial scales.Recent studies indicate that (1) gully erosion represents an important sediment source in a range of environments and (2) gullies are effective links for transferring runoff and sediment from uplands to valley bottoms and permanent channels where they aggravate off site effects of water erosion. In other words, once gullies develop, they increase the connectivity in the landscape. Many cases of damage (sediment and chemical) to watercourses and properties by runoff from agricultural land relate to (ephemeral) gullying. Consequently, there is a need for monitoring, experimental and modelling studies of gully erosion as a basis for predicting the effects of environmental change (climatic and land use changes) on gully erosion rates.In this respect, various research questions can be identified. The most important ones are:

What is the contribution of gully erosion to overall soil loss and sediment production at various temporal and spatial scales and under different climatic and land use conditions?

What are appropriate measuring techniques for monitoring and experimental studies of the initiation and development of various gully types at various temporal and spatial scales?

Can we identify critical thresholds for the initiation, development and infilling of gullies in different environments in terms of flow hydraulics, rain, topography, soils and land use?

How does gully erosion interact with hydrological processes as well as with other soil degradation processes?

What are appropriate models of gully erosion, capable of predicting (a) erosion rates at various temporal and spatial scales and (b) the impact of gully development on hydrology, sediment yield and landscape evolution?

What are efficient gully prevention and gully control measures? What can be learned from failures and successes of gully erosion control programmes?

These questions need to be answered first if we want to improve our insights into the impacts of environmental change on gully erosion. This paper highlights some of these issues by reviewing recent examples taken from various environments.     

石灰性土壤中磷肥后效的研究

通过五年田间定位试验的结果表明,磷肥具有明显而持久的后效。后效的大小和持续时间主要取决于磷肥的施用量;后效持续的时间与磷肥施用量之间是指数函数关系;当施磷处理耕层土壤速效磷水平降至与对照处理基本相同时,磷肥后效即告结束。     

昆明岩溶山地植物资源调查研究及园林应用价值

石灰岩地区岩溶山地是一种较为特殊的生境类型,土壤含钙高,土壤水分难以保存,环境干燥,该地貌在云南地质中占很重要的地位。研究生长其上的植物及其在园林中的开发利用有特殊意义。通过对昆明周边岩溶地区植物资源进行设置样地调查,对其中部分园林开发利用价值较高的植物资源进行了统计、归纳,对其前景提出了看法。     

石灰性土壤中钴与磷关系的研究

采用土壤培养试验方法,通过在石灰性土壤上施用不同量的硫酸钴和磷酸二氢钾,分析研究了有效钴和速效磷含量的变化状况。初步研究结果表明:(1)土壤中有效钴和速效磷含量分别随着硫酸钴和磷酸二氢钾施用量的增加而增加;高浓度的钴磷配施下,土壤中有效钴(速效磷)含量随着磷(钴)施用量的增加而减少。(2)30天内,土壤中有效钴和速效磷含量都随时间的延续呈先增加后减少的趋势,试验结束时各处理的有效钴含量趋于一致,而速效磷含量仍在减少。(3)在土壤中钴和磷存在拮抗关系,原因可能是两者形成了低溶性的钴的磷酸盐。     

不同磷肥品种在石灰性水稻田的施用效果及后效

田间试验条件下研究了不同磷肥品种在石灰性水稻田的当季施用效果及其后效.试验结果表明,在石灰性水稻田中施用过磷酸钙和钙镁磷肥,均可增强水稻分蘖能力,提早水稻物候期,增加水稻产量,从而提高经济效益.过磷酸钙对早稻的增产作用及对晚稻的增产效果都显著高于钙镁磷肥,并且,磷肥后效对晚稻增产效果随早稻施磷量增加而增加.可见,在石灰性水稻田的早稻施用过磷酸钙(P2O560～75 kg/hm2),是提高产量,充分发挥磷肥后效,提高磷肥利用率的一项有效措施.     

Management effects on the vegetation and soil seed bank of calcareous grasslands: An 11-year experiment

Calcareous grasslands, most of which are man made and therefore depend on some kind of human interference for their maintenance, are among the most species-rich communities on Earth at a small scale. For many centuries, most of these grasslands have been used as extensive pasture. However, after 1900, and particularly from 1940 onwards, livestock grazing has declined throughout Europe leading to the abandonment of low intensity grasslands over large areas. To conserve the remaining grasslands or to restore recently abandoned grasslands, better insights about the effects of grassland management on above and belowground species diversity are needed. Here, we describe the results of an 11-year experiment to investigate the role of grassland management (grazing, mowing and abandonment) in determining species composition and diversity both in the aboveground vegetation and the seed bank of a calcareous grassland in Belgium. Species diversity declined by about 60% 11 years after abandonment, from 29 species m⁻² to as few as 12 species m⁻². Plots that were grazed remained constant in species richness, whereas mown sites lost about 20% of their original species. Abandoned plots were largely dominated by a few grass species, in particular Festuca rubra. Concomitant with changes in the aboveground vegetation, both the number of species found in the seed bank and seed density (number of seeds m⁻²) had changed significantly 11 years after abandonment. Species diversity and seed density were significantly lower in abandoned plots than in grazed or mown plots. We conclude that abandonment of calcareous grasslands may lead to rapid decline of plant species diversity both in the aboveground vegetation and in the seed bank. As a result, seed banks probably have a limited role to play in the restoration of recently abandoned grasslands.     

石灰性土壤无机磷的形态分布及其有效性

本文应用蒋柏藩和顾益初(1989)提出的石灰性土壤无机磷的分级方法,对我国北方主要的石灰性土类进行了无机磷形态分级的研究,并对其有效性作出了初步评价。供试的甘肃、陕西和河南的16种土壤的无机磷形态的分布情况为:Ca₂-P平均占无机磷总量的1.34%,Ca-P占9.91%,Al-P占4.27%,Fe-P占4.40%,O-P占10.9%,Ca₁₀-P占69.1%。生物试验的结果表明:Ca₂-P型的磷酸盐是最有效的,也是作物磷素营养的主要来源;Ca₈-P、Al-P和Fe-P可以作为缓效磷源;Ca₁₀-P和O-P只是一种潜在磷源。本研究为石灰性土壤无机磷的研究和磷肥的合理施用提供了理论依据。     

The bryophyte layer in a calcareous grassland after a decade of contrasting mowing regimes

Analysis of variance and redundancy analysis were used to study the effects of mowing regime and herb canopy structure on the bryophyte layer of a calcareous grassland in southern Belgium. Species richness in mown and control plots did not significantly differ. In control plots, a number of grassland species were able to survive within a grassy-shrubby fringe 15 years after shrub cutting. This suggests that there might be a time-lag of at least 20 years before cessation of mowing results in a significant decrease in species number per m². Mown plots were mostly characterized by the almost complete cover of large pleurocarps. Mowing resulted in almost continuous herb and moss layers that were unfavourable for a number of annual bryophytes, many of which are of high conservation interest. It is suggested that grazing, which increases the number of species, especially the number of pioneers, is likely to be more beneficial to bryophytes.