Prediction of baking results from farinograph measurements by using stepwise linear regression and artificial neuronal networks

In an effort to extract additional data from farinograph experiments a model was developed to simulate the measurements and correlate the parameters of the model with results from baking tests. This additional information can be used in bakeries to predict the baking properties of the flours and adjust the recipes to maintain a constant product quality. For this eight different flours were characterized with a farinograph and 13 different results from baking experiments. An approach with five nonlinear differential equations was able to model the farinograph measurements very well (average R² = 0.995 ± 0.005). While a stepwise multilinear regression only showed weak correlations in cross validation between a single parameter of the model and the baking volume (R² = 0.745) and the volume yield (R² = 0.796) respectively, the artificial neuronal network was more successful. For the baking weight (R² = 0.926), the dough yield gross (R² = 0.909) and net (R² = 0.913) strong correlations were found. A good correlation for the baking volume (R² = 0.853) was also determined, while the volume yield showed comparable results to the linear regression (R² = 0.792).     

泛素-蛋白酶体通路在神经系统中的生物学功能

概述了泛素一蛋白酶体通路（ubiquitin—proteasome system，UPS）的组成及其作用机理，着重阐述了其在神经系统中的生物学功能，主要包括UPS在神经元发育、突触的功能、突触的可塑性以及神经性疾病等方面的研究现状，为进一步揭示神经元的生长发育机理以及神经性疾病的研究提供参考。     

Fibronectin modified expression of Sonic hedgehog in ATRA-mediated neuronal differentiation

In this study, the effect of fibronectin on the neurite outgrowth from embryoid bodies (EBs) in neurodifferentiated embryonal carcinoma P19 cells was examined. The neurite outgrowth on fibronectin was maintained for a longer time in comparison with those on collagen or laminin. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed that mRNA level corresponding to sonic hedgehog (Shh) in neurodifferentiated P19 cells was upregulated on fibronectin, whereas collagen or laminin did not affect. Further knockdown of integrin αv subunit in P19 cells demonstrated that expression of Shh was mediated through interaction between fibronectin and integrin. Additionally, exogenous Shh agonist accelerated neurite outgrowth from embryonic stem cell-derived EBs without large change of neuronal phenotype expression. Taken together, fibronectin could maintain neurite outgrowth via increased Shh expression.     

线粒体自噬在神经退行性疾病中调控的研究进展

神经退行性疾病是一种以神经元发生进行性变性和坏死为基础的中枢神经系性疾病,其普遍特征是错误折叠蛋白质的积累和线粒体损伤。线粒体作为细胞能量产出的中心,是神经元的主要能量来源,对维持神经元的结构和功能至关重要。受损的线粒体导致细胞中的三磷酸腺苷(ATP)供给不足和氧化应激损伤,甚至引起细胞死亡。线粒体自噬是细胞通过自噬-溶酶体途径选择性地清除衰老或受损线粒体的过程,是线粒体质量控制机制的重要组成部分,在维持细胞稳态方面发挥重要的作用。诸多研究表明,线粒体自噬与神经退行性疾病的发生和发展密不可分,激活线粒体自噬或改善线粒体自噬异常能在一定程度上缓解错误折叠蛋白积聚导致的神经损伤。笔者就线粒体自噬的发生机制、线粒体自噬的调控及其在神经退行性疾病发生发展中的作用进行综述,以期为神经退行性疾病的研究和治疗提供参考。     

神经型一氧化氮合酶在大菱鲆脑组织中的分布及定位

[目的]探明神经型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)在大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)脑组织中的分布情况,为揭示大菱鲆脑组织中一氧化氮(N0)的生理功能提供形态学资料.[方法]分别采用NADPH-d组织化学染色法和免疫组织化学法对大菱鲆脑组织中的nNOS进行定位研究.[结果]NADPH-d组织化学染色结果显示,大菱鲆大脑皮质中有蓝色的神经元和神经纤维存在.神经元呈梭形、锥形等形状,神经纤维呈串珠状且无序交织;小脑中NOS阳性神经元在分子层分布稀疏,在颗粒层分布密集,浦肯野细胞胞核淡染.经免疫组织化学法染色后,可观察到大脑皮质中nNOS免疫组化反应阳性物质呈深棕色;小脑皮质的分子层、颗粒层及浦肯野细胞层均有nNOS阳性神经元分布,浦肯野细胞呈免疫组织化学阳性反应.[结论]大菱鲆脑组织中的NOS类型主要限于nNOS,且nNOS在神经活动中发挥重要作用,也进一步证实N0在不同物种中具有一些共同的作用,但不同物种或相同物种不同组织中NO分布及含量存在差异.     

马齿苋多糖对tau蛋白磷酸化影响的研究

目的是研究马齿苋多糖对神经细胞骨架微管结合蛋白-tau蛋白的磷酸化影响。方法通过构建基因表达载体pEGFP- tau-s3和转染表达载体pEGFP- tau-s3到3T3细胞,创造体外神经细胞骨架研究模型;通过共转染pEGFP- tau-s3与pcDNA-GSK-3β到3T3细胞、荧光显微观察和Wstern blotting实验,证明了马齿苋多糖对tau蛋白的磷酸化有影响,可以抑制GSK激酶对tau蛋白的磷酸化。结论马齿苋多糖对神经细胞微管骨架有保护作用     

Dietary mannan oligosaccharide enhances salinity tolerance and gut development of larval cobia

The potential beneficial effects of supplementing live feeds with mannan oligosaccharide (MOS; BioMos®) upon cobia Rachycentron canadum larval performance were examined. Characteristics of fish examined included survival to weaning, growth, ability to withstand osmotic stress and the degree of development of the brush border of the intestine. Live feeds included rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) and Artemia which were enriched for 24 h with a commercial enrichment media alone or in combination with 0.2% (dry weight basis) MOS. Salinity challenges were performed at 6 days post-hatch (dph) and at 7, 13, and 14 dph (0 and 65 g L^− 1 for 6 dph; 0 and 55^− 1 7+ dph) corresponding to transitions in feeding, to examine the ability of larval cobia to survive stress. Differences (P < 0.05) in survival, favoring cobia receiving MOS-supplemented feeds were discerned at 6 and 7 days post-hatch (dph) when fish were challenged at 0 g L^− 1 and at 13 dph when challenged with 55 g L^− 1 salinity water. Electron microscopy of the mid-intestine of developing larvae revealed that MOS-supplemented diets enhanced (P < 0.05) the height of microvilli while reducing (P < 0.05) the occurrence and size of supranuclear vacuoles. Supplementation of diets with MOS could assist cobia larvae in maintaining allostasis especially when reared at sub-optimal salinities.     

动情周期小鼠输卵管壶腹黏膜中nNOS的表达与活性

应用免疫组织化学 SP法和计算机图象分析法研究神经元型一氧化氮合酶 ( neuronalnitric oxide synthase,n NOS)在动情周期小鼠输卵管壶腹部黏膜的表达与活性。3 -硝基酪氨酸( 3 -nitrotyrosine,3 -NT)是一氧化氮 ( nitric ox-ide,NO)的标志分子 ,用其显示 n NOS的活性。n NOS在育龄小鼠输卵管壶腹部黏膜内的表达具有鲜明的周期性特征。在间情期 ,黏膜中的n NOS阳性细胞较少 ,阳性强度也较低 ;从发情前期到发情后期 ,n NOS阳性细胞数量明显增多 ,阳性强度也逐渐提高 ,并在发情后期达到顶峰。与此相一致 ,3 -NT在黏膜上皮中的表达强度也以发情后期最高。这提示输卵管壶腹部黏膜上皮细胞高表达具有强活性的 n NOS可能是其作为受精部位的原因之一