饲料中无机元素分析方法研究进展

饲料中所含的无机元素对动物生长具有重要意义。在饲料中过量添加无机元素会导致环境污染问题,也会通过食物链最终危害消费者的身体健康,因此,对饲料产品中的无机元素进行检测和动态监控尤为重要。综述了近年来饲料中无机元素含量检测主要应用的前处理方法及其含量检测技术,分析了不同前处理方法和含量检测技术的优点和不足,以期为饲料中无机元素分析方法的科学、合理应用提供参考。     

土壤生物量-碳和-氮与土壤有机碳、氮及施肥的关系

应用氯仿熏蒸培养法测定不同肥力水平的土壤生物量-C 和-N。结果表明:士壤生物量-C 与土壤有机碳的相关性达到极显著水准;用6mol/L HCl 水解的总氮量与土壤全氮也有很好的相关性,但与生物量-N 则不然;生物量-N 与酸解的氨基酸态氮及未知态氮都有显著相关性。施肥显著提高土壤生物量-C 和-N,有机无机肥料配合施用的大于单施化肥的。     

蚯蚓的化学成分与应用价值研究进展

综述了蚯蚓的化学成分及应用价值,旨在为蚯蚓的综合开发利用提供依据。     

Isolating the effect of soil properties on agricultural soil greenhouse gas emissions under controlled conditions

Agricultural soils are important sources of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Soil properties and environmental factors have complex interactions which influence the dynamics of these GHG fluxes. Four arable and five grassland soils which represent the range of soil textures and climatic conditions of the main agricultural areas in the UK were incubated at two different moisture contents (50 or 80% water holding capacity) and with or without inorganic fertiliser application (70 kg N ha⁻¹ ammonium nitrate) over 22 days. Emissions of N₂O, CO₂ and CH₄ were measured twice per week by headspace gas sampling, and cumulative fluxes were calculated. Multiple regression modelling was carried out to determine which factors (soil mineral N, organic carbon and total nitrogen contents, C:N ratios, clay contents and pH) that best explained the variation in GHG fluxes. Clay, mineral N and soil C contents were found to be the most important explanatory variables controlling GHG fluxes in this study. However, none of the measured variables explained a significant amount of variation in CO₂ fluxes from the arable soils. The results were generally consistent with previously published work. However, N₂O emissions from the two Scottish soils were substantially more sensitive to inorganic N fertiliser application at 80% water holding capacity than the other soils, with the N₂O emissions being up to 107 times higher than the other studied soils.     

Effect of conservation agriculture on soil organic and inorganic carbon sequestration and lability: A study from a rice–wheat cropping system on a calcareous soil of the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains

Increasing soil carbon (C) in arable soils is an important strategy to achieve sustainable yields and mitigate climate change. We investigated changes in soil organic and inorganic carbon (SOC and SIC) under conservation agriculture (CA) in a calcareous soil of the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. The treatments were as follows: conventional-till rice and wheat (CT-CT), CT rice and zero-till wheat (CT-ZT), ZT direct seeded rice (DSR) and CT wheat (ZT-CT), ZTDSR and ZT wheat without crop residue retention (ZT-ZT), ZT-ZT with residue (ZT-ZT+R), and DSR and wheat both on permanent beds with residue (PB-PB+R). The ZT-ZT+R had the highest total SOC in both 0–15 and 15–30 cm soil layers (20% and 40% higher (p < .05) than CT-CT, respectively), whereas total SIC decreased by 11% and 15% in the respective layers under ZT-ZT+R compared with CT-CT. Non-labile SOC was the largest pool, followed by very labile, labile and less labile SOC. The benefits of ZT and residue retention were greatest for very labile SOC, which showed a significant (p < .05) increase (~50%) under ZT-ZT+R compared with CT-CT. The ZT-ZT+R sequestered ~2 Mg ha⁻¹ total SOC in the 0–15 cm soil layer in 6 years, where CT registered significant losses. Thus, the adoption of CA should be recommended in calcareous soils, for C sequestration, and also as a reclamation technique.     

Soil organic and inorganic carbon sequestration by consecutive biochar application: Results from a decade field experiment

Biochar addition can expand soil organic carbon (SOC) stock and has potential ability in mitigating climate change. Also, some incubation experiments have shown that biochar can increase soil inorganic carbon (SIC) contents. However, there is no direct evidence for this from the field experiment. In order to make up the sparseness of available data resulting from the long‐term effect of biochar amendment on soil carbon fractions, here we detected the contents and stocks of the bulk SIC and SOC fractions based on a 10‐year field experiment of consecutive biochar application in Shandong Province, China. There are three biochar treatments as no‐biochar (control), and biochar application at 4.5 Mg ha^?1 year^?1 (B4.5) and 9.0 Mg ha^?1 year^?1 (B9.0), respectively. The results showed that biochar application significantly enhanced SIC content (3.2%–24.3%), >53 μm particulate organic carbon content (POC, 38.2%–166.2%) and total soil organic carbon content (15.8%–82.2%), compared with the no‐biochar control. However, <53 μm silt–clay‐associated organic carbon (SCOC) content was significantly decreased (14%–27%) under the B9.0 treatment. Our study provides the direct field evidence that SIC contributed to carbon sequestration after the biochar application, and indicates that the applied biochar was allocated mainly in POC fraction. Further, the decreased SCOC and increased microbial biomass carbon contents observed in field suggest that the biochar application might exert a positive priming effect on native soil organic carbon.     

Do combined applications of crop residues and inorganic fertilizer lower emission of N2O from soil?

Emissions of N₂O were measured following addition of ¹⁵N‐labelled residues of tropical plant species [Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), Mucuna pruriens and Leucaena leucocephala] to a Ferric Luvisol from Ghana at a rate of 100 mg N/kg soil under controlled environment conditions. Residues were also applied in different ratio combinations with inorganic N fertilizer, at a total rate of 100 mg N/kg soil. N₂O emissions were increased after addition of residues, and further increased with combined (ratio) applications of residues and inorganic N fertilizer. However, ¹⁵N‐N₂O production was low and short‐lived in all treatments, suggesting that most of the measured N₂O‐N was derived from the applied fertilizer or native soil mineral N pools. There was no consistent trend in magnitude of emissions with increasing proportion of inorganic fertilizer in the application. The positive interactive effect between residue‐ and fertilizer‐N sources was most pronounced in the 25:75 Leucaena:fertilizer and cowpea:fertilizer treatments where 1082 and 1130 mg N₂O‐N/g residue were emitted over 30 days. N₂O (log_e) emission from all residue amended treatments was positively correlated with the residue C:N ratio, and negatively correlated with residue polyphenol content, polyphenol:N ratio and (lignin + polyphenol):N ratio, indicating the role of residue chemical composition in regulating emissions even when combined with inorganic fertilizer. The positive interactive effect in our treatments suggests that it is unlikely that combined applications of residues and inorganic fertilizer can lower N₂O emissions unless the residue is of very low quality promoting strong immobilisation of soil mineral N.     

陕西安康烟区生育期气候综合指数对烤烟化学成分的影响

为了明确烤烟不同生育期气候资源对烟叶品质的贡献率，以陕西安康烟区2002—2011年气象资料和烟叶化学成分为材料，采用主成分分析法，对烤烟不同生育期的平均温度、降水量和日照时数进行分析，构建不同生育期的气候综合指数(CCI)；采用相关分析、通径分析和决策分析对各生育期CCI与烟叶化学成分的关系进行分析。结果表明：不同生育期CCI对烟碱含量的影响以采烤前期最大，旺长期最小，对采烤前期的影响主要为直接作用；对烟叶总糖含量的影响以采烤后期最大，采烤前期最小，对采烤后期的影响主要为直接作用和通过旺长期的间接作用；对烟叶糖碱比的影响以采烤后期最大，旺长期最小，采烤后期的影响主要为直接作用和通过采烤前期的间接作用。     

Experimental Research on High-strength Inorganic Anchoring Material

A new type of inorganic anchoring material is developed as a substitution for anchoring adhesive to overcome some imperfections in the process of planting reinforcing steel bar.The mix proportion of the anchoring material is determined by experiments.The compressive strength,adhesive force to concrete,volume stability and anchoring force with steel bar are studied.The early strength of the anchoring inorganic material is quite high: for 1d up to 38.5MPa and 3d up to 60MPa.It is a good adhesive to concrete and the adhesive strength of 28d is about 2MPa.The anchoring material will have tiny volume expansion with the age,which is beneficial to enhancing the anchoring force.The essential component of the inorganic anchoring material is cement-based material,so some defects of the organic macromolecular material can be avoided,such as poor stability and requirement for vigorous construction conditions.Its characteristics in early strength,adhesive force to concrete and volume expansion can satisfy the requirement of the construction to the planting reinforcing steel bar and the loading force,thus it can be used as a substituting material for anchoring adhesive.     

基于SLMD的生物质热解动力学预测模型

采用单纯形格子混合设计法(SLMD)对纤维素、半纤维素和木质素3种生物质组分进行复配优化设计,并在综合热分析仪上进行了热解试验。分析了3组分混合热解特性,建立了由生物质3组分比例直接计算动力学参数的预测模型,对模型进行了试验验证。结果表明:纤维素热解反应级数较低(1.20),活化能较高(134.50 k J/mol),指前因子较大(3.49×1012s-1),热解较为迅速与剧烈;半纤维素和木质素热解的反应级数较高(1.30、1.32),活化能较低(33.51、19.98 k J/mol),指前因子较小(9.43×103、107 s-1),热解较为缓慢;3组分在混合热解中对动力学参数存在交互影响,纤维素对活化能和指前因子的影响较为显著,而半纤维素与木质素对反应级数的影响较大;动力学参数预测模型精度较高,可有效预测生物质热解动力学参数。