Public perceptions of ecosystem services and preferences for design scenarios of the flooded bank along the Three Gorges Reservoir: Implications for sustainable management of novel ecosystems

The newly formed extensive flooded land associated with the Three Gorges Reservoir hold great potentials to provide ecosystem services (ESs) for surrounding cities and communities. Conflicting values and conventional management strategies may complicate and inhibit broad-scale decision-making for this novel ecosystem. Public attitudes are a crucial influence in the way this process plays out. This study was conducted to assess how the reservoir bank is perceived by the general public of Chongqing Municipality in terms of importance of riparian ESs, and preference for corresponding landscape design styles through photo-questionnaire interviewing. Although Chongqing citizens know little of the “ecosystem services” concept, they do recognise riparian environmental and ecological benefits especially the bank protection and pollution interception functions, while benefits of habitats for wildlife and flood attenuation were of less concern. Recreational values were least appreciated, which is inconsistent with other studies. This may be attributed to a wider, intensive environmental education in various social media in today’s China. But publicity has been dominated by toxic air, water and soil pollution control rather than the benefits of nature conservation and personal contact with nature. In line with recognition of ESs, there is quite strong preference for the forested design scenario and particularly vegetation components across the socio-demographic spectrum. Overall, socio-demographic variables have very low explanatory power for the perceptual responses. Our study also revealed misunderstandings around riparian functions and a gap between public expectations and special abiotic and biotic prerequisites in restoring novel ecosystems. Finally, we discuss the relevance of this research to urban novel ecosystems in general, and implications for raising public awareness, engaging appropriate public values in sustainable design and management of such ecosystems.     

K步稳定的鞋印花纹图像自动聚类

目的 鞋印是刑事侦查的重要物证之一,如何对积累的大量鞋印花纹图像进行自动归类管理是刑事技术迫切需要解决的问题之一。与其他类图像不同,鞋印花纹图像具有种类多但数目未知、同类花纹分布不均匀且同类花纹数目少的特点。基于鞋印花纹图像的这些特点,用目前典型的聚类算法对鞋印花纹图像集进行聚类,并不能取得很好的效果。在对鞋印花纹图像进行分析的基础上,提出一种K步稳定的鞋印花纹图像自动聚类算法。方法 对已标记的鞋印花纹图像进行统计发现,各类鞋印花纹之间在特征空间上存在互不相交的区域(本文称为隔离带)。算法的核心思想是寻找各类鞋印花纹之间的隔离带,来将各类分开。过程为:以单调递增或递减的方式调整特征空间中判定两点为一类的阈值,得到数据集的多次划分;若在连续K次划分的过程中,某一类的成员不发生变化,则说明这K次调整是在隔离带中进行的,即聚出一类,并从数据集中删除已标记的数据;选择下一个阈值对剩余的数据集进行划分,输出K步不变的类;依此类推,直到剩余数据集为空,聚类完成。结果 在两类公开测试数据集和实际鞋印花纹数据集上进行实验,本文算法的主要性能指标都超过典型算法,其中在包含5792枚实际鞋印花纹数据集上的聚类准确率和F-Measure值分别达到了99.68%和95.99%。结论 针对鞋印花纹图像特点,提出了一种通过寻找各类之间的隔离带进行自动聚类的算法,并在实际应用中取得了很好的效果。且算法性能受参数的变化以及类的形状影响较小。本文算法同样适用于具有类似特点的其他数据集的自动聚类。     

TMDL计划与小流域污染综合治理思路的研究-以南水北调东线山东段治污为例

为了不断完善小流域污染综合治理思路,进一步推进水污染治理工作,对TMDL计划进行了介绍,并在治理思路、总量分配方法及总量分配公平性、合理性等多个方面与小流域污染综合治理思路进行比较,找出差异,吸收其有益的思路和措施。通过比较得出:①小流域污染综合治理和TMDL计划在思路上是一致的,但在总量分配及分配的公平性、水质目标可达性的保证率等方面存在着一定差异;②TMDL计划中的诸多措施可为小流域污染综合治理所吸收借鉴,并以此为基础对完善小流域综合治理提出了诸多合理的建议。     

基于角点检测的叶缘锯齿快速识别

叶缘锯齿特征是植物识别的重要特征。本文提出了一种运用图像角点检测技术对叶缘锯齿进行识别和定位的方法。该方法首先利用基于Harris算子的方法进行角点检测,然后通过人工调整阈值提高检测精度。研究结果表明,该方法便捷、高效,在叶缘的锯齿检测中取得了较好的效果。     

Long-term impacts of an organophosphate-based regime of pesticides on field and field-edge Collembola communities

During a 6-year study, effects of two contrasting regimes of pesticide use on pitfall and suction catches of Collembola were monitored in an arable field under a rotation of grass and winter wheat. Current farm practice (CFP) represented conventional fungicide and herbicide use plus applications of organophosphorus (OP) insecticides, whereas reduced input approach (RIA) utilised minimum inputs of fungicides and herbicides and excluded any use of insecticides. Compared with RIA, the CFP regime caused a substantial decline in the abundance and diversity of Collembola in the field, including the local disappearance of one species, without recovery during the study. At the field edge, which was protected during OP applications by a 6-m unsprayed buffer zone, effects of the CFP regime were less severe, and were not persistent in the long term. Some Collembola species occurred only in field-edge samples. Pitfall and suction sampling yielded remarkably similar patterns of catches, indicating that pitfall trapping may be appropriate for detecting long-term changes in collembolan abundance caused by intensive agricultural management practices.     

Fisher大间距线性分类器

作为一种著名的特征抽取方法,Fisher线性鉴别分析的基本思想是选择使得Fisher准则函数达到最大值的向量(称为最优鉴别向量)作为最优投影方向,以便使得高维输入空间中的模式样本在该向量投影后,在类间散度达到最大的同时,类内散度最小。大间距线性分类器是寻找一个最优投影矢量(最优分隔超平面的法向量),它可使得投影后的两类样本之间的分类间距(Margin)最大。为了获得更佳的识别效果,结合Fisher线性鉴别分析和大间距分类器的优点,提出了一种新的线性投影分类算法——Fisher大间距线性分类器。该分类器的主要思想就是寻找最优投影矢量wbest(最优超平面的法向量),使得高维输入空间中的样本模式在wbest上投影后,在使类间间距达到最大的同时,使类内离散度尽可能地小。并从理论上讨论了与其他线性分类器的联系。在ORL人脸库和FERET人脸数据库上的实验结果表明,该线性投影分类算法的识别率优于其他分类器。     

An Adjustable Nutrient Margin of Safety Comparison Using Linear and Stochastic Programming in an Excel Spreadsheet

A stochastic-linear program Excel workbook was developed that consisted of 2 worksheets illustrating linear and stochastic program approaches. Both approaches used the Excel Solver add-in. A published linear program problem served as an example for the ingredients, nutrients, and costs and as a benchmark in the development of the linear and stochastic programs. Standard deviations for ME and nutrients were taken or calculated from CV, and from a commercial publication of sources for amino acids. The Excel spreadsheet was set up so that the calculated margin of safety (MOS) value, according to the requested probability, was the same for both the linear and stochastic programs. As an example, the probability for meeting the nutrient value for protein was compared at 50% (MOS = 0) and 69% (MOS = 0.5) by using both linear and stochastic programming. Spreadsheet results illustrated the flexibility, accuracy, and precision of the stochastic program over the linear program in meeting the requested nutrient probability.     

森林重泡沫施用技术的研究

本文描述了在林缘草地施用森林重泡沫灭火剂技术，同时介绍了森林重泡沫灭火剂的质量问题，该剂的特点是稳定性好，抗风力强，并一具有良好的附着力，渗透性和抗烧性。     

The Japanese pulp and paper industry: an analysis of financial performance from 1991 to 2001

This article discusses the determinants of profitability expressed as return on capital among Japanese pulp and paper companies. Return on capital is measured as income before tax related to stockholders’ equity. Return on capital has been divided into profit margin and asset utilization rate. The hypothesis is that return on capital can be explained by mill size, productivity, product line, financial situation, and use of wood resources. The dataset consists of 13 larger Japanese pulp and paper companies listed in Pulp &; Paper Statistics. Data on financial performance, production, and use of wood fibers were collected for the period 1991–2001. The average return on equity for the studied companies is 4.2%. Labor productivity has increased quite significantly, from about 600 to 1,000 kg/employee and year. An econometric analysis indicates that the best model fit is found when the asset utilization rate is used as the dependent variable. Significant variables are, among others, asset utilization rate lagged one time period (?), labor productivity (+), capital productivity (?), paper production as a share of total paper and board production (?), total value of assets on the books (?) and solidity (+). This may indicate that the total value of assets on the books is large in relation to the total production of paper, paperboard and pulp.     

Effects of stocking density on production and economics of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) polyculture in periphyton-based systems

The present research investigated the effect of stocking density on pond (75 m², depth 1.2 m) production of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) stocked at a fixed 3:1 tilapia:prawn ratio. Three stocking densities were tried in triplicate: 20 000 ha⁻¹ (treatment TP‐20), 30 000 ha⁻¹ (TP‐30) and 40 000 ha⁻¹ (TP‐40). The ponds were provided with bamboo as substrate for periphyton development. Bamboo poles (mean diameter 5.5 cm and 5.0 poles m⁻²) were posted vertically into pond bottoms, resulting in 60% additional substrate area in each pond. On average, 43 genera of algae and 17 genera of zooplankton were identified from pond water, whereas 42 genera of algae and six genera of microfauna were attached to bamboo substrates. No differences were observed between treatments in the ash‐free dry matter (AFDM), chlorophyll a and phaeophytin a content of periphyton (P>0.05). Survival of tilapia and prawn and individual weight gain of tilapia were lower (P<0.05) in treatment TP‐40. The net yields were higher (P<0.05) in treatments TP‐30 (2209 and 163 kg ha⁻¹ 105 day⁻¹ of tilapia and prawn respectively) and TP‐40 (2162 and 141 kg ha⁻¹ of tilapia and prawn respectively) than in treatment TP‐20 (1505 and 136 kg ha⁻¹ of tilapia and prawn respectively). The net tilapia yields were quadratic correlated (R²=0.92) with fish stocking density. The cost–benefit analysis shows that the net profit margin was highest in treatment TP‐30 (69%), followed by TP‐20 (50%) and TP‐40 (44%).